13114643
Description
Mind Map by Zulkhairee Sulaiman, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Zulkhairee Sulaiman
over 6 years ago
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Political Institutions (2)
- Definitions
- Formal & informal rules, that are enforced and
observed by the people who identify with the
institutions
- Allows for order and predictability, and
formation of stable expectations of norms of
interaction and reciprocity
- Provides codes of appropriate behaviour,
affective ties, and a belief in legitimate
order
- Shape, enable, constrain actors
into logic of appropriateness
- Allows for order and predictability, and
formation of stable expectations of norms of
interaction and reciprocity
- Formal & informal rules, that are enforced and
observed by the people who identify with the
institutions
- Jepperson, 1991)
- Three primary carriers of
institutionalisation
- 1. Formal organisation (work org. with formal
organisation structure, hierarchy, SOP)
- 2. Regime (Explicitly codified rules and sactions
institutionalised in some central authority system,
without being embodied in formal org.)
- Culture (Rules, procedures and goals w/o
primary representation in formal org., no
monitoring)
- 1. Formal organisation (work org. with formal
organisation structure, hierarchy, SOP)
- Degree of
Institutionalisation
- 1. Deeply embodied in
a framework of
institutions
- 2. Has been in place for
a long time
- 3. High level of
taken-for-grantedness
- 5. Linked to some
trascendental moral
authority or presumed laws
of nature
- 4. General acceptance of
its appropriatness
- 6. Central to its system
- 1. Deeply embodied in
a framework of
institutions
- Characteristics of
Institutions
- 1. Resistant to change - order-generating
epitome of continuity (some, say inefficiency)
- 2. not static, made up of rules,
regulations, routines, political
actors
- 3. However, cautions against the tendency to see institutions as self-enforcing
rules and procedures with little to no possibility of change
- 1. Resistant to change - order-generating
epitome of continuity (some, say inefficiency)
- Three primary carriers of
institutionalisation
- Unit of analysis in institutionalism
- 1. Rules 2. Routine 3. Norms
4. Identities of an
institutions
- This measures, the effectiveness,
impact on outcomes, why and how
institutions emerge, evolve, change,
become obsolete, rejuvenated,
replaced & when do institutions not
change
- This measures, the effectiveness,
impact on outcomes, why and how
institutions emerge, evolve, change,
become obsolete, rejuvenated,
replaced & when do institutions not
change
- 1. Rules 2. Routine 3. Norms
4. Identities of an
institutions
- Four types of institutional change
- 1, Institutional formation =
consolidation of rules and
disavowment of social entropy
- 2. Institutional development -
institutional continuation with
change within the institution
- 3. Deinstitutionalisation -
breakdown in institution
- 4. Reinstitutionalisation -
Exiting from existing
institutional form and
establishment of another
institutional reform
- 1, Institutional formation =
consolidation of rules and
disavowment of social entropy
- (March & Olsen, 1989)
- Change catalyst (M&O, 1989)
- 1. Rule-governed and
institutionalised in specific
sub-units
- 2. Generated by routine
interpretation and
implementation of rules
- 3. Reallocation of
resources
- i) M&O silent about role
external actors, factors,
and environment played
- ii) transformative change can
be the result of incremental,
step-wise shifts that are
barely visible at the outset
- 1. Rule-governed and
institutionalised in specific
sub-units
- In-built coping mechanism
- 1. Institutional specialisation
- 2. Autonomy
- 3. Sequential attention
- 4. Local rationality
- 5. Conflict avoidance
- 1. Institutional specialisation
- What are political
institutions for?
- 1. Provides sense of
continuity and rhythm to
political life
- 2. Simplifies political life by
allowing people to take
things for granted
- 3. Enshrine's society's decisions
and serves as a repository of
society's consensus on
acceptable rules and norms
that govern political behaviour
- 4. Viewed as legitimate if the people,
value accept, and consent to the rules
set down and enforced by the political
institutions
- 1. Provides sense of
continuity and rhythm to
political life
- Critiques
- 1. Tendency to be reductionist in
analysis
- 2. Privileges the sinstitution as a self-interested,
political actor at the expense of diversity of
individual self-interests
- 3. Failure to disentangle
institutionalisation from actor interests
- 4. Downplays and
fails to consider the
impact of external
environments on
institutions
- 1. Tendency to be reductionist in
analysis
- Change catalyst (M&O, 1989)
- Types of Political Institutions
- Refers to the entire machinery of government
- 1. Executive - Primary branch that implement laws
- 2. Legislative - Elected representatives that make laws and
represent the citizens in the law making process
- 3. Military - Protects and defends
the integrity of the state, enforces
law, and ensures order
- 4. Bureaucracy - Network of
state organs that advises political
decision-makers
- 5. Judiciary - Adjudicates (makes
formal judgement on) the law of
the land
- Refers to the entire machinery of government
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