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13408230
Seizures
Description
Part of chapter 15: Drugs for seizures
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seizures
anticonvulsants
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Mind Map by Deleted user, updated more than 1 year ago
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Olivia McRitchie
over 6 years ago
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Olivia McRitchie
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Resource summary
Seizures
What is a seizure?
Caused by abnormal or uncontrolled neuronal discharges that can stay in one area or spread to other areas of the brain
Convulsion refers to the involuntary, violent spasms of the large skeletal muscles
Not all seizures have convulsions
Triggers include strobe/flickering lights or the occurrence of small fluid & electrolyte imbalances.
Occurs more often when pt. is sleep deprived
Known causes:
Infectious disease, such as meningitis and encephalitis
Trauma:
Metabolic disorders causing hypoglycemia, hyponatremia, and water intoxication
Vascular disease
Changes in oxygenation caused by respiratory hypoxia or CO poisoning
Changes in perfusion caused by things like hypertension, stroke, shock, and cardiac dysrhythmia
Pediatric disorders
Rapid increases in body temp causing febrile seizures
Neoplastic disease
Tumors, especially rapidly growing ones, occupy space and increase intracranial pressure
Direct blows to the skull causing brain sweling
Presence of toxic substances, ingestion of poison (chemical trauma)
Effects on life
Antiseizure drugs decrease effectiveness of birth control
Moat antiseizure drugs are pregnancy category D
Eclampsia is severe pregnancy hypertension. Some women will have seizures within 72 hours after delivery
Nagnesium sulfate, for whatever reason, treats eclamptic seizures
Epileptics cannot drive.
Seizures can limit participation in school, employment, and social activity.
Chronic depression can result
Nursing care includes identifying at risk patients, documenting pattern and type of seizure, and implementing safety precautions
Types
Determining cause of recurrent seizures is important for appropriate drug selection
Partial
Simple
Hallucinations; intense emotion; twitching of arms, legs, and fingers
Complex
Aura before seizure' confusion or sleepiness after seizure; attempting to remove clothes; not responding to verbal commands
Generalized
Absence (petit mal)
Lasts a few secs; starting into space and not responding to commands
Seen most often in children
May be misdiagnosed as ADHD or daydreaming
Atonic (drop attacks)
Falling/stumbling for no reason; lasts a couple secs
Tonic-clonic (grand mal)
Preceding aura
Intense muscle contraction (tonic phase), followed by alternating contraction and relaxation (clonic phase)
Crying at beginning; loss of bowel/bladder control; shallow breathing w/periods of apnea
1-2 minutes
Disorientation & deep sleep after seizure
Special
Febrile
Tonic-conic activity lasting 1-2 min; rapid return to consciousness.
Mostly in children btwn 3 months & 5 yrs old
Myoclonic
Large jerking movement of major muscle group; falling from sitting or dropping object being held
Status epilepticus
Continuous seizure activity that can lead to coma & death
Medical emergency
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