Stalin

Stalin

Rise to Power
1. Conditions in USSR (1924)
  1. Bolshevik Party
    1. Consolidation
      1. Violent means
    2. Ban
      1. factionalism
  2. 1st communist state
    1. International isolation
  3. Gulags
  4. No public worship
  5. Nationalization
2. Stalin vs Trotsky
  1. Lenin's funeral
  2. 'Stalin is the new Lenin'
  3. Triumvarate
    1. Kamenev
    2. Zioniev
    3. Anti-trotsky
    4. Positions
      1. See Stalin's position
      2. Patronage
  4. Trotsky
    1. Not present
      1. Commitment?
    2. Politburo
      1. see him as danger
    3. Jewish
    4. Only became Bolshevik
      1. 1917
    5. Intellectual not orator
  5. Debate
    1. NEP
      1. S
        Used T's attitude to undermine him
        Seen as disruptive force by party
        Support decreased
      2. T
        Wanted to squeeze peasants for resources to advance revolution
        NEP put interest of Nepmen over revolution
    2. Modernization
      1. S
        Persuade peasants to co-operate + create surplus
        right comm.
      2. T
        Force peasants to conform
        left comm.
        Division in nation
    3. Ideological
      1. S
        Socialism in One Country
        Focus on turning USSR => modern state
        T's ideas = threat to security
      2. T
        Permanent Revolution
        Export revolution
        Appeared irresponsible
        removed from position
        1925
3. S's Position
  1. People's Commissar for Nationalities (17)
    1. In charge of officials in many regions that made up USSR
  2. Head of Workers' and Peasants' Inspectorate (19)
    1. oversaw all gvmt departments
  3. General Secretary
    1. Knew everything that happened
  4. patronage
4. Defeat of L and R
  1. Left
    1. Trotsky
      1. Lost propaganda war (20s)
        Removed from position
        Support of Zinoviev + Kamenev
    2. New opposition
      1. T, Z, K
      2. S used support from right to resist pressure
        outvoted + expelled from party
  2. Right
    1. Stood in way of S's industrial/agricultural ideas
      1. industrialisation
      2. collectivisation
    2. Played on fears of R
      1. fears of revolution
    3. Poor organisation
      1. hoped could win over party with persuasion
    4. lack of support
      1. only trade unions
      2. S politically assaulted them
        completely undermined by 1929
Establishment of Authoritarian States
1. Economic Policies
  1. Collectivization
    1. Aims
      1. Bring peasants under control
      2. Raise capital
      3. Centralize agriculture
        USSR needed ind. development
        land could provide both
        surplus to be sold
        workers for industry
    2. Methods
      1. Land owned by state
        no longer farm for individual profit
        believe => large farms more efficient
      2. Kulaks
        Created as class to justify collectivization
        Dekulakization
        Propaganda campaign
        Land + property seized
        Sped up collectivization
        OGPU
        23-34
        Became NKVD in 34 and before was Cheka
        arrested + deported
      3. forced on reluctant peasants
    3. Effects
      1. Civil War in cside
      2. Massive social upheaval
      3. Famine
      4. Peasants moved to towns
        less pressure on land
      5. Peasants ate grain + murdered livestock
    4. Success?
      1. 25% collectivized (1930)
      2. Achieved S's aims
      3. Helped S consolidate power/authority
      4. Contribution to industrialization
      5. Man-made famine
        6-8 million peasents died
  2. Industrialisation
    1. Aims
      1. Establish war economy
      2. Prepare USSR to fight against capitalists abroad
      3. Rapid increase of iron, steel + oil
        war
    2. Methods
      1. 5y plans
        1st plan
        set targets
        quotas falsified
        Produciton of coal, iron + electricity was boosted
      2. Socialism in One Country
        Used to promote industrialisation
      3. Stakhanovite Movement
        14x normal amount of coal
        inspire workres
    3. Effects
      1. Succeeded in heavy industry
      2. Failed to raise standards of living
      3. Rusian win WW2
      4. 3 FYP stopped by Nazi invasion
2. The Purges (1929-34)
  1. Difficult to maintain effective opposition
  2. Removed anyone seen as threat to S
    1. surrendered party card followed by expulsion
  3. Accompanied by
    1. Gulags
    2. Civilian Police
    3. NKVD
  4. Ryutin Affair (32)
    1. Rightist opposition
    2. Stalin paranoid
    3. Kirov Purges (1934)
      1. Decree Agaisnt Terrorist Acts
        Used to justify purges
3. Great Terror (36-39)
  1. Intensified purges
  2. 3 main sections
    1. Party
    2. Army
    3. People
  3. Purges made legal
    1. Forced confessions
      1. suggested large conspiracy against S
    2. Lack of opposition
      1. Many welcomed
        Increase local power
        Stronger USSR
        Revolutionary Idealism
  4. Significance
    1. Stalin became the party
      1. Destroyed opposition so much
        He ended up making all deciisons
      2. Politburo
        Destroyed actual power
        last remenants of 'democratic' rule
      3. Ability to make ppl work towards him
        political advancement depedent on supporting S
    2. Coupled with propaganda
      1. People
        Always in fear
        Indoctrinated at every step
        support
        Party
        Stalin
        cult of personaity
        replace
        Religion
        Tsar
Domestic Policies and Impact
1. Minorities
  1. Kulaks
    1. Aimed to liquidate as class
    2. Accused of holding back revolution
    3. Taking farms away
      1. justified collectivization
    4. Deported to Siberia
  2. Baltic States
    1. Wanted to spread Soviet
      1. Sphere of influence
      2. Communism
      3. Occupation and annexation
        40-41
        44
    2. Mass deportation of baltic people
      1. Social effects
  3. Religious
    1. Encourage worship of Stalin
    2. atheist society
    3. Campaigns to suppress Jews
    4. Buddhists and Muslims
      1. deported
    5. Traditions supressed
      1. religious buildings shut down
      2. religious leaders persecuted
      3. Anti-religious laws
  4. Deportation
    1. Prevent western USSR from supporting G
    2. Total control
    3. Grand scale deportation to Siberia
      1. Crimean Tartars
      2. Volga Germans
    4. 1/2 of 4 million deported died
    5. 20 mil uprooted from homes
2. Soviet Culture
  1. Socialist Realism
    1. All work to reflect problems, victories + progression of working class
  2. Paintings + sculptures
    1. Promote Stalin as symbol of Soviet glory
  3. Films
    1. Make all arts a propaganda tool
    2. Demonise enemy
  4. Literature
    1. Promote socialist realism
      1. Union of Soviet Writers
  5. Komsomol
    1. Youth Movement to create loyal following for future
  6. Stakhanovite Movement
3. Religion
  1. Aims
    1. Removal of all churches
    2. Spread cult of personality
    3. Church members => gulags
  2. Effects
    1. 1941 - 54,000 churches (before WW1) => 500
    2. League of Militant Godless
    3. Young Pioneers
      1. like scouts
    4. Public made to believe Church
      1. Corrupt
      2. greedy
    5. Worship of Stalin
4. Women
  1. Aims
    1. Equality
    2. Modernize
    3. Stable economy
  2. Methods
    1. unregistered marriages => no longer recognised
    2. Homosexuality outlawed
    3. Family
      1. Women > 2 children = heroines
    4. 1936
      1. Housewife Movement
      2. Abortion illegal
    5. Women not allowed in politics
  3. Effects
    1. Control over women
    2. Female workforce - 15 million by 1945
5. Education
  1. Aims
    1. Modernize
    2. Widespread + available to everyone (compulsory)
    3. Skilled + disciplined workers for industrialisation
    4. Future loyal generations
    5. Spread literacy
    6. Sense of nationalism
  2. Methods
    1. 000s of new schools
    2. Compulsory 5-15
    3. Newspaper prices reduced
    4. Compulsory uniforms
    5. 1935
      1. tests + examinations re-introduced
    6. Traditional, core subjects
    7. Emphasis on discipline
    8. Textbooks rewritten
    9. Teachers
      1. Monitored by Secret Police
  3. Effects
    1. Literacy: 28-86%
    2. World-class education system
    3. Growth of innovative ideas

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	Created by Ethan Shannon-Craven over 6 years ago