13972857
Crime and
punishment
(Early
Modern)
Annotations:
- c1500-c1700
- Changes in
society
Annotations:
- there were two types of changes - social - religious
- Lead to
crimes
against
the person
Annotations:
- - The increase of street criminals and petty thieves
- increase in population
and a crime of
feudalism lead to
higher unemployment,
which meant more
people moved to
urban areas in search
of work so towns and
cities grew
Annotations:
- The more people in the towns and cities, the easier petty crimes became
- Lead to crimes
against property
Annotations:
- - For example poaching as more land owners restricted the land the commoners from hunting on their land
- The end of
feudalism and
new farming
methods lead to
enclosure of
land.
Annotations:
- Enclosure = fencing it off for the exclusive use of the land owner
- Lead to crimes
against
authority
Annotations:
- - as more people committed heresy and high treason -Heresy first became a crime in 1382.
- Why was
there an
increase of
crimes against
authority?
Annotations:
- This included high treason because the crime is plotting or acting to overthrow or harm the ruler or country
- Early modern
England was ruled by
the Tudors and then
the Stuarts. It was a
time of religious
change and many
rebellions and plots
against the
monarchy
Annotations:
- Everyone one who committed crimes against authority were mostly executed by the King or Queen
- changes in
peoples
religious
beliefs and
religion of
the Monarch
Annotations:
- Different rulers had different religions that wanted the whole country to believe in
- The Timeline of
religious leaders
Annotations:
- Illegal to be unemployed and homeless, forcing them to beg for money
- 1509-47 ~ Henry VII was
a strict Catholic until he
changed to Protestant
but still enforced
Catholic ideas
Annotations:
- New factors in society led to new crimes
- 1547-53 ~ Edward VI
was Protestant
Annotations:
- This was because of falling wages, not as many jobs and no system to help the poor as the monasteries were shut down.
- 1553-58 ~ Mary I
was a strict Catholic
Annotations:
- - It was given the death sentence - The community thought that because of the move from Catholic to Protestant that there were witches scheming with the devil.
- 1558-1603 ~Elizabeth I was a
Protestant but was allowing
mild Catholism
Annotations:
- Macbeth
- 1603-25 ~ James I
was a strict
Protestant
Annotations:
- -They were seen as lazy
- New crimes
Annotations:
- New factors in society led to new crimes
- Moral crims
Annotations:
- Crimes that went against someones morals
- Cromwell banned leisurely
activities to make England
more Godly and got rid of
the recusancy law
Annotations:
- Recusancy = fined for not going to church
- Between 1649-1660 there was no king
or queen, Oliver Cromwell ruled asd
Lord Protector, he was a strict
Protestant that was called a Puritan
Annotations:
- He believed that fun was a sin
- New laws were
put in place to
help resolve
the problem
Annotations:
- Banned everything fun
- He banned: being
drunk, over eating,
Christmas
Annotations:
- time for more prayers
- Sabbath
Annotations:
- You were not allowed to play sports on the Sunday
- Rural Crimes
Annotations:
- - eg. poaching -crimes that effected people living in rural areas
- Landowners wanted to
make a profit from the
enclosed land, but the
poor kept hunting and
fishing on the land
Annotations:
- Poaching became a social crime
- Many land owners enclosed
their land, preventing the poor
from being able to use the
common land,.
Annotations:
- This meant that animals could not graze anywhere, which created many problems for farmers
- New laws were
put in place to
help resolve the
problem
Annotations:
- 1671 - The Game Act
- The Game Act
Annotations:
- This made poaching illegal
- Witchcraft
Annotations:
- introduced the death penalty for summoning the evil spirits
- Witchcraft had been a minor
crime until The Early Modern
where is became serious as
people saw it as harmful
Annotations:
- This meant that animal could not graze anywhere, which created many problems for farmers
- New laws were put in
place to help resolve
the problem
Annotations:
- time for more prayers
- Witchcraft Act
Annotations:
- Banned everything fun
- The Witchcraft and
Conjurations Act
Annotations:
- introduced the death penalty for summoning the evil spirits
- The media and William
Shakespeare also made
people more aware of
witchcraft
Annotations:
- Macbeth
- Vagrancy
Annotations:
- 1494 - Vagabonds and Beggars Act 1547 - Vagrancy Act 1597 - Act for the Relief of the Poor 1601 - Poor Laws
- Vagrancy grew and
became a crime because
of the increasing
unemployment rate
Annotations:
- -The 'deserving' poor were given poor relief by the local parish. -The 'undeserving' could be branded with the letter V, whipped or sent to a correction house.
- New laws were
put in place to
help resolve the
problem
Annotations:
- He believed that fun was a sin
- The Vagrancy Act
Annotations:
- Recusancy = fined for not going to church
- The Poor Laws
Annotations:
- You were not allowed to play sports on the Sunday
- They were feared
and hated by the
settled population
Annotations:
- Poaching became a social crime
- Smuggling
Annotations:
- Goods entering the country illegally
- Because Britain was building an empire
and therefore the government introduced
import duties (tax) to make more money
Annotations:
- Tax's meant prices raised
- New laws were put in
place to help resolve the
problem
Annotations:
- 1671 - The Board of Custom Established
- The Board of
Customs Established
Annotations:
- Established to help monitor and enforce smuggling laws
- It was easy to get the goods into the
country without having to pay tax and
therefore the prices would be lower
meaning more people were willing to buy
the smuggled goods.
Annotations:
- This is because the UK is an island and the whole coast can not be watched
- The Gun powder plot - 1605
Annotations:
- treason and crimes against authority
- Why the Gun
Powder Plot
happened
Annotations:
- They wanted to kill the King and other Protestant leaders
- Catholics wanted freedom so the
so the Pope told them to depose
Elizabeth I
Annotations:
- There were more laws imposed that prevented Catholics from practising their faith
- But James I continued
with anti-Catholic laws
Annotations:
- The plotters wanted James' daughter, Elizabeth, to be Queen
- How the Gun
Powder Plot
happened
Annotations:
- 5th of November
- The Plotters rented the
house next to Parliament,
above the cellar
Annotations:
- Parliament = Houses of Parliament
- They filled the
cellar with barrels
of gun powder
Annotations:
- They were put in before the 5th
- Guy Fawkes was sent to
set it off
Annotations:
- No one else was there
- The other men tried
to flee and hide but
were still caught
Annotations:
- Everyone was caught
- What happened the
Plotters after they
were caught
Annotations:
- Only Guy Fawkes was arrested at the time
- Guy Fawkes
was tortured
Annotations:
- He was tortured on the rack, which was mean to be illegal
- until he gave up his
fellow conspirators
Annotations:
- They had all left and were in other villages hiding
- They were all hung,
drawn and quartered
Annotations:
- January 1606
- Why did the Plot fail
Annotations:
- written confession was given to James
- Lord Monteagle gave the letter to
Robert Cecil (James I's spy-master)
Annotations:
- One of the plotters was the Lords friend
- Cecil ordered a search of
the basement and he
found Guy Fawkes and
the gunpowder
Annotations:
- Therefore the plot was stopped before it began
- Law Enforcement
Annotations:
- Traditional methods became useless
- Law enforcers
Annotations:
- people who enforced the law after crimes and before crimes could happen
- Thief-takers
Annotations:
- gang members
- Criminals that
turned rival gangs
in for rewards
Annotations:
- They stepped in when the other enforces weren't effective
- Night watch men
Annotations:
- volunteers
- Volunteers with other
jobs as well, a male
from each household
is meant to serve.
Annotations:
- They ring a bell, to warn people to go inside or be seen as a criminal
- Town constable
Annotations:
- appointed
- Appointed by the local
people and they are
expected break up
fights and stop
suspected criminals
Annotations:
- Their boss was the JP's
- What changes were there
to the role of the church in
the law enforcement
Annotations:
- changes over time
- The Benefit of the Clergy
Annotations:
- A place where you seek be trialed differently in a church court
- Sanctuary
Annotations:
- it was stopped by James I
- The continuity in
catching the criminals
Annotations:
- continuity over time
- There was still no
national police force and
the effectiveness of law
enforcement varied
widely across the country
Annotations:
- police force is started in the 18th century
- people were expected
to to raise and join
the hue and cry
Annotations:
- started in the medieval times
- Punishment
Annotations:
- how crimes were dealt with after law enforcement
- The most common
punishments were
corporal and capital
Annotations:
- corporal - lose a body part capital - death
- The punishments that
have continued through
time
Annotations:
- not changed
- Fines
Annotations:
- punish minor crimes
- Pillory, stocks,
flogging and
maiming
Annotations:
- forms of corporal punishment towards beggars, drunkenness and vagrancy
- hanging
Annotations:
- crimes such as theft, murder, smuggling -nobles were beheaded, not hung
- Burning
Annotations:
- crimes such as heresy
- The main
purpose of crime
was still
deterrence and
retribution
Annotations:
- deterrence = deter people from doing it retribution = give people what they deserve for their crimes
- The Bloody Code
Annotations:
- - This was a change
- There were 50 capital
offences but at the end of the
century there were 220
crimes punishable by death
Annotations:
- stealing a loaf of bread to murder
- Seen as a deterrent
Annotations:
- deterred petty crimes
- Used between 1688 - 1825
Annotations:
- grew out of hand
- Transportation to America
Annotations:
- change
- Transported to
North America to
do manual work
Annotations:
- The punishment was retribution, deterrent and rehabilitation
- between
50,000-80,000 people
were transported
Annotations:
- this included men, women, and children
- They were sentence
7-14 years
Annotations:
- But they could not afford the journey back to England
- This meant that there
were less criminals in
England but less were
being killed
Annotations:
- This is because prisons were not invented yet
- Witch-Hunts 1645-47
Annotations:
- change
- Matthew Hopkins
Annotations:
- The 'Witchfinder General'
- employed by a Justice of Peace
Annotations:
- find witches in Essex and East Anglia
- He got 112 hung
for witchcraft
Annotations:
- 300 people were originally investigated
- used
torture
Annotations:
- unfair to many
- Reasons for the
intensity of the
Witch-hunts
Annotations:
- The Civil War caused most of the problems
- Lack of Authority
Annotations:
- The civil war weakened the control of local authorities and in some areas law and order and completely collapsed.
- Influence of Individuals
Annotations:
- - James I had promoted Witch-hunting - Matthew Hopkins spread fear
- Religious change
Annotations:
- Religious differences meant the Puritans to think that the Royalists were using witchcraft
- Social problems
Annotations:
- -The war left many widows -There were more strangers around
- Economic problems
Annotations:
- The Civil War and the poor harvests caused huge money problems. People were looking for a scapegoat
- James I's book
'Demonologie'
Annotations:
- encouraged superstitious beliefs
- Evidence used to
determined if
someone is a witch
Annotations:
- Most of the evidence was wrong and vague
- Unusual marks on the body
Annotations:
- birthmarks or scars or moles
- Witness accounts
Annotations:
- Someone else has seen this person be a witch
- When they are thrown
into water, they float
- Confessions of the accused
Annotations:
- Many were tortured into giving confessions
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