She was from an upper-class family who was against her career
She was a self-taught nurse
She was expected to marry
She supervised nurses during the war
She worked in military hospitals, she
cleaned hospitals and had
government funding during the war
She returned as a national
heroine who improved hygiene
and wrote a handbook for nurses
Mary Seacole
Her mother was a doctressIn Jamaica
She was mixed
race
She was a 'hands-on' nurse with her approach
She created a - hotel - rest home for wounded soldiers
She was self-financing when working in war
Mary Seacole was not recognised for her work
She left a legacy that all people can contribute to medicine
The Renaissance
Vesalius
Dissected humans rather than animals
Proved that Galen was wrong, with over 200
corrections to Galen's anatomy (including the
lower jaw doesn't have 2 bones and that the
liver has two not five lobes
Worked with skilled artists to accurately document the anatomy
In 1543, he published 'On the fabric of the
human body' where he included the
anatomical sketches
Still didn't know the cause of
illness
Pare
French army surgeon for 20 years and experimented on wounded soldiers
He ran out of hot oil for sealing
wounds so he instead used an
old Roman ointment
consisting of rose oil, egg yolk
and turpantine
Pare used ligatures (as an alternative to cauterising)
wounds which has a higher success rate
He was a surgeon for French Kings and published 'Notes on surgery' in 1564
Had limited impact on British medicine as only the rich could
afford medical care and only trained doctors knew about him
Bezoar stone isn't a treatment for poison
Harvey
Doctor for King James I and King Charles I, because of this he
was in a strong position to influence medicine in Britain
He proved veins had valves and that the heart pumped
blood
Proved that the liver didn't produce blood and questioned bleeding
Published 'On the Motion of the Heart' in 1628
Dissected on live cold blooded
animals and dead humans
Rejected by conservatives who
supported Galen and people who could
not see capillaries until 60 years later
Fighting Disease
Koch
He stained individual germs that identified disease
Identified causes for Tuberculosis 1882, Cholera 1883, Tetanus 1884,
Pneumonia 1886, Meningitis 1886, Plague 1894 and Dysentery 1898
He reduced effects of Diptheria
Jenner
Vaccinated people from smallpox with cowpox
Eradicated smallpox
In 1883 all children within 4 months of birth
were given mandatory, government
vaccinations but in 1887 parents could refuse
Remained the only smallpox vaccination until the 1880s
Chain and Florey
They were two Oxford Chemists
who read Fleming's work
In 1940 they turned their lab into a
growing chamber and conducted
their first human trials
They went to the USA after
the Pearl Harbour attacks
and they agreed to produce
penicillin
Chain stabilised penicillin as a liquid
Fleming
He was a bacteriologist that was trying to discover how to kill
staphylococci with bacteria when penicillium mould floated in after
leaving his window open in 1928
In 1929 he used the juice of the mould
to cure his colleague of conjunctivitus
He discovered the antibiotic
qualities of penicillin
Pasteur
Discovered that germs
caused disease
Published 'Germ theory' in 1861
Vaccines for Cholera and Rabies in 1879 and 1872
Suggested that germs caused decay rather
than decay causing bacteria to form
He proved his theory in 1864 through a series
of experiments, disproving others
Created vaccines for chicken cholera 1879,
Anthrax 1881 and Rabies 1882
Hunter
Admitted to the Company of Surgeons
in 1768 and trained hundreds
Experimented on himself, illegally bought bodies
and 3000 animals
In 1771 and 1768 he published 'Natural history of teeth' and
'On veneral disease' which was translated into 7 languages
Spread discoveries of Cancer, nature of
disease, infections and blood circulation
19th Century
Chadwick
Research the living conditions and health of the poor in towns
Published his findings in 'Report on the Sanitary
Conditions of the Labouring Population'
Linked poverty and poor living conditions with ill-health
Lister
He was a
Hungarian doctor
In 1847 he noticed that more women were dieing after labour
when their baby was delivered by a medical student
He told people to wash their hands with chlorine
He started using carbolic
acid from 1865 onwards
He began to publish his knowledge in 1867 and other surgeons used his
methods
The death rate from
amputation fell
from 50% to 15%
People now knew that unsterile material caused infection i.e. dirty clothes
An organic compound extracted from coal tar could be used as an antiseptic
Bazalgette
He assessed London's sewers
He designed
underground
sewers
His plans were accepted in 1858
during the Great Stink
He designed pumps and reservoirs to ensure that sewage would be pumped
while the tide was going in
It cost £3 million
Simpson
He was a Professor of Midwifery at Edinburgh University
Wanted to find a better anaesthetic than Ether,
commonly used in 1846, as it irritated the lungs
In 1847 he realised that chloroform had no negative side
effects and started using it in operations
Not fully excepted until it was used by Queen
Victoria during childbirth in 1853
Stopped being used by some in 1870 as
it didn't stop blood loss and led to more
infections
Snow
In 1854 he was appointed to assess the
Cholera outbreak in Broadstreet, Soho
He was a physician who discovered the disease was
linked to contaminated water, going against
scientific knowledge of the time
He went to a factory were 12 workers had died but
when going to a brewery no one was infected after
only drinking beer or from the factory's well
The death toll was 616 in 8 days
Farr
Introduced compulsory registration of
births, marriages and deaths
Made the government more
aware of public health issues