'A state of mind so different
from that of ordinary human
beings that the reasonable
man would term it abnormal'
Byrne (1960)
cause of abnormality of mental
functioning must arise from a
'recognised medical condition'
covers both psychological and physical conditions
there must be medical evidence
Substantially impaired
the abnormality of mental functioning must substantially
impair the defendant's mental responsibility for his acts or
omissions in doing or being a party to the killing
the jury must decide whether the
impairment is of a substantial degree
substantial does not mean total,
nor does it mean trivial or
minimal (something in between)
Lloyd (1967)
the defendant's ability to
do one of these three must
be substantially impaired: