AQA Chemistry [C2] Part 1

Bonding
1. Ionic
  1. Metals and non-metals
    1. Metals
      1. Lose electrons
        Positive ions
    2. Non-metals
      1. Gain electrons
        Negative ions
  2. Compounds held by strong forces
  3. Giant stucture or lattice
    1. Strong electrostatic forces
      1. Each ion surrounded by ions of the negative charge
        Held firmly in place
2. Covalent
  1. Non-metals
    1. Two atoms share electrons
  2. Group 7
    1. Gain one electron
      1. Form single bond
3. Metallic
  1. Electrons in highest energy shell delocalise
    1. Move freely between each other
      1. A lattice of + ions in a sea of moving electrons
        Delocalised electrons attract
How much?
1. Reversible reactions
  1. Products react to make original reactants
2. Analysing substances
  1. Identify food additives
    1. Paper chromatography
      1. Detect artificial colours
        Solvent is allowed to move through the paper
      2. Compounds separated using gas chromatography
        Identified using a mass spectrometer
        Find relative molecular mass
        From its molecular ion peak
Structure and Properties
1. Giant ionic structures
  1. Strong electrostatic forces
    1. Solid at room temperature
      1. High melting and boiling point
  2. Conduct
    1. Molten
      1. Ions free to move
    2. Water
      1. Water molecules split lattice
2. Simple molecules
  1. Low melting and boiling point
    1. Intermolecular forces are weak
  2. Do not conduct
    1. No overall charge
3. Giant covalent structures
  1. Very high melting points
  2. Diamond
    1. Form of carbon
      1. Carbon atom bonded with four other carbon atoms
        Makes diamond hard
        Transparent
  3. Graphite
    1. Carbon atom bonded with three other carbon atoms
      1. No covalent bonds
        Slide over each other
        Weak intermolecular bonds
        Graphite = slippery and grey
      2. One electron is delocalised
        Allow graphite to conduct heat and electricity
4. Giant metallic structures
  1. Alloys
    1. Mixtures of metals
      1. Different sized atoms
        Distort the layers
        More difficult to slide
    2. Harder than pure metals
    3. Shape memory alloys
      1. Bent/ deformed into different shape
  2. Conduct heat and electricity
    1. Delocalised electrons
5. Polymers
  1. Depends on the monomers
  2. Thermosetting polymers
    1. Do not soften or melt
  3. Thermosoftening polymers
    1. Forces are weak
      1. When heated, polymer becomes soft
        Weak intermolecular forces are broken
6. Nanoscience
  1. Study of small particles
    1. Very large surface area

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AQA Chemistry [C2] Part 1

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	Created by ryancharman98 about 10 years ago