Biological molecules.

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• Carbohydrates are organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. In carbohydrates the basic u it is a monosaccharide. Two monosaccharide molecules combine to form a polysaccharide.
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1. Monosaccharides are a source of energy in respiration. Carbon-hydrogen and carbon-carbon bonds are broken to release energy. They are building blocks for larger molecules. Glucose for example is used to make the polysaccharide starch, glycogen and cellulose. They also intermediate in reactions and constitutes of nucleotides

   Annotations:

   • Monosaccharides are a source of energy in respiration. Carbon-hydrogen and carbon-carbon bonds are broken to release energy. They are building blocks for larger molecules. Glucose for example is used to make the polysaccharide starch, glycogen and cellulose. They also intermediate in reactions and constitutes of nucleotides
2. Triose
   1. 3 carbon atoms
   2. Intermediates in the reactions of respiration and photosynthesis
3. Pentose
   1. 5 carbon atoms
4. Hexose
   1. 6 carbon atoms
      1. Carbon atoms form a hexagon shape
5. Glucose
   1. Alpha glucose
      1. Hydrogen atom is above carbon-1
      2. Form polymers such as starch and cellulose
   2. Beta glucose
      1. Hydrogen atom is below the carbon-1

1. Two monosaccharide units bonded together with the formation of glycosidic bond and the elimination of water. It is an example of a condensation reaction
2. 2 alpha glucose molecules bond to create maltose. Water is removed inbetween the C4 of one and the C1 of the other. Therefore it is called a 1,4 glycosidic bond

1. Many monosaccharides linked together by a condensation reaction
2. Starch is a storage polysaccharide
   1. It’s monomer is alpha glucose
   2. It’s function is the storage of glucose
   3. It’s insoluble and is a compact molecule. It also carries a lot of energy is its C-H and C-C bonds
   4. It has 2 components. Amylose and Amylopectin
      1. Amylose has 1,4 linkages and is unbranched and coiled
      2. Amylopectin has some 1,6 linkages and therefore some branching, fits inside amylose
3. Glycogen is a storage polysaccharide
   1. It’s monomer is alpha glucose
   2. It is the main storage product in animals
   3. It is quickly hydrolysed and insoluble
   4. Has alpha 1,4 and alpha 1,6 bonds but has shorter 1,4 bonds so are more branched
   5. Very branched due to 1-6 linkages which makes it easy to hydrolyse which makes it easier to release glucose for respiration
4. Cellulose
   1. It is a structural polysaccharide
   2. It’s monomer is beta glucose
   3. It gives structural support in plant cell walls
   4. It is strong, rigid and inelastic
   5. 1-4 links between monomers. H bongs between adjacent chains to form microfibrills
   6. Alternate units rotated 180 degrees. H bonds cross link with hydrogen bonds and form microfibrils
5. Chitin
   1. It is a structural polysaccharide
   2. It’s monomer is beta glucose with acetyl anime groups.
   3. It gives structural support in anthropod exoskeletons; cell wall of fungi
   4. It is strong rigid and lightweight and waterproof
   5. It is structured the same as cellulose but has amino acid group instead of an OH group.

1. Hardening of bones and teeth

1. Component of chlorophyll

1. Component of haemoglobin

1. Component of nucleotides and phospholipids

1. Consists of 3 carbon atoms, 5 hydrogen atoms and 3 water molecules

1. Consists of a long hydrocarbon chain and have a carboxylic group at one end (COOH). There are two types: saturated and unsaturated
2. Saturated fatty acids
   1. Single bong between the carbon atoms
   2. Solid at room temperature
   3. Found in animal tissue
   4. E.g butter
   5. Can cause a build up in LDL’s resulting in atheronas (restricting blood flow)
      1. LDL = low density lipoprotein. “Bad” cholesteral
3. Unsaturated fatty acids
   1. Some double bonds between carbon atoms.
      1. Forms a kink in the chain
   2. Liquid at room temperature - called oils
   3. E.g sunflower oils
   4. Causes the body to make HDL’s which carry harmful fats to the liver to be broken down.
      1. HDL = high density lipoproteins. “Good” cholesteral
         1. The higher the ratio of HDL:LDL in a persons blood the lower the risk of cardiovascular disease

1. Condensation reaction between 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids. They form an estar linkage/bond (COCO). 3 water molecules released when reaction takes place
2. Energy storage: -one gram of fat yields approximately twice as much energy as one gram of carbohydrates
3. Protection: Protection of delicate organs from knocks. E.g kidney. Neurons are covered in a fatty sheath to protect them.
4. They produce a lot of metabolic water when oxidised: Important to camels/desert organisms
5. Thermal insulator: Triglycerides are stored under the skin
6. Electrical insulator: -Schwann cells make up axon of a neuron

1. Consists of 2 fatty acid chains, 1 glycerol, 1 phosphate group
2. Found in membranes
3. 2 fatty acids plus phosphate group
4. Phosphate head = polar/hydrophilic
5. Fatty acid tails = non-polar /hydrophobic