Teeth discolouration

Annotations:

• outside the surface of the tooth, lies on it

1. direct
   1. the product stains the tooth
      1. chromogens: coffee, tea, chewing tobacco
2. indirect
   1. the product reacts chemically with the pellicle
      1. metal salts
      2. cationic ions
3. metallic
   1. occupational
   2. medicines
      1. iron supplements - black
      2. copper salts - green
      3. K permanganate- violet,black
      4. silver nitrate - gray
      5. SnF- golden brown
4. nonmetallic
   1. dietary compounds
   2. beverages, tobacco
   3. mouthwashes
   4. chromogenic bacteria - green orange in poor OH, black in good OH

Annotations:

• change to the structures or thickness of hard tissues

1. Enamel
   1. AI
   2. infections in pregnant mothers: rubella, CMV
   3. hypoplasia- trauma
   4. fluorosis: mild- white bands; moderate- mottling; severe- brown
2. Dentine
   1. dentinal dysplasia- 2 types
   2. dentinogenesis imperfecta - 2 types
   3. tetracycline: pregnancy 2nd half, childhood<8ys. Yellow, then turn gray or red brown after sun exposure
      1. minocycline - green gray, blue- gray. binds to iron
   4. aging
3. Pulp
   1. PCO yellow
   2. necrosis- gray/dark. Non infected- Hb, infected- Fe
4. Genetics
5. Enamel or dentine
   1. head and neck radiotherapy
   2. bleeding disorders
   3. blood dyscrasias - sickle cell anaemia, haemolitic disease of the newborn due to Rhincompatibility or anything causing hemolysis - yellow green
   4. bile duct ilnesses- hyperbilirubinemia - biliverdin - yellow green
   5. congenital porphiria - pink
   6. epidermolysis bullosa -pink

Annotations:

• incorporation of extrinsic stain in a tooth surface with defects

1. developmental defects
2. acquired defects
   1. restorations: GP, metallic post, amalgam (Sn), MTA, eugenol, ATB paste
   2. caries
   3. toothwear
3. fluorosis with porous enamel - stains penetrate and become black

1. root resorption- pink
2. tooth close to exfoliation- pink