Body mass index (BMI) is a measure of body fat
based on your weight in relation to your height,
and applies to most adult men and women aged
20 and over.
When BMI is higher than 30
Overweight and obesity are defined
as abnormal or excessive fat
accumulation that presents a risk to
health.
highest in the WHO Regions of the Americas and lowest
in the WHO Region for South East Asia
Causes of Obesity
psychological
comfort eating
eating disorders
bulimia nervosa :excessive eating with compensatory
mechanisms
The cardiovascular system (heart attack; elevated cholesterol/atherosclerosis; abnormal heart rhythms;
hypertension; peripheral vascular disease; stroke)
the musculoskeletal
system (osteoarthritis in the
back, hips, knees; gout)
Psychological
Complications
Body shape discontent
Consequently may lead to strain on their intimate and romantic
relationships
Further leads to depression, isolation, anxiety, suicidal ideas, withdrawn from society and
anhedonia
Investigations include
Complete blood
count
Liver enzyme and liver function
tests
Tests for chronic viral hepatitis (hepatitis A, hepatitis C and
others)
Celiac disease screening
Fasting blood sugar
Hemoglobin A1C, which shows how stable your blood sugar
is
Lipid profile, which measures blood
fats, such as cholesterol and
triglycerides
Obesity
Management
Psychological
Treatment
Drugs
topiramate/phentermine
liraglutide
lorcaserin
orlistat
Diet, exercise and lifestyle changes should always be
included.
Surgeries
gastric banding
surgery
gastric
bypass
sleeve gastrectomy
GASTRIC
INJECTION
Relationship between food intake and energy
expenditure
“Energy balance” is the relationship between “energy in”
(food calories taken into the body through food and
drink) and “energy out” (calories being used in the body
for our daily energy requirements).
Imbalances lead
to
Food
intake
Physiology of food intake and
satiety
Feeding
center:
Lateral nuclei of the
hypothalamus and
Dorso-medial nucleus
(DMN)
Satiety
center:
Ventro-medial nuclei of the
hypothalamus (VNH) and
Para-ventricular nucleus (PVN)
Hormonal
control
Liver
anatomy
2 lobes
Wedge-shaped & resembles 4 sided
pyramid laid on one side with its apex
directed to the left.
found in right hypochondrium,
greater part of the epigastrium
and extends into the left
hypochondriurn up to the left
lateral vertical line.
Blood supply of the liver
Liver histology
Lobule: It has a roughly hexagonal
shape with : Central vein at its
center
Portal Triads at each corner consist of: 1. Hepatic Arteriole 2. Portal Venule 3.
Bile Ductule 4. Lympahatic vessels
Liver
liver is the main organ of metabolism and
energy production; its other main functions
include:
Bile production
Storage of iron, vitamins and trace
elements
conversion of waste products for excretion by the kidneys