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1907992
GCSE History- The Transformation of Surgery
Description
GCSE History Mind Map on GCSE History- The Transformation of Surgery, created by Chandni Patel on 24/01/2015.
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Chandni Patel
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Chandni Patel
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Resource summary
GCSE History- The Transformation of Surgery
Key Words
Amputation
The cutting off of a limb
Anaesthetic
A substance that makes you less aware of pain
Tourniquet
Something tied around a part of the body to put pressure on a blood vessel and stop the blood loss
Antiseptic
Something that fights against sepsis and the microbes that create infection
Aseptic
Sterile
Sepsis
A condition in which harmful bacteria affect the flesh, normally leading to infection and decaying flesh
Cautery
The use of heat to seal blood vessels and stop bleeding
Ligature
A thread tied around a blood vessel to stop bleeding
Shock
When there isn't enough blood in the circulatory system to keep the body working properly
Transfusion
The process of giving blood from a donor to the patient
Dealing with Pain
Surgery and anaesthetics in the 19th Century
The most common surgical operations were amputations
No use of anaethetics
Amputations
Were very painful
Assistants were needed to hold the patient down
Surgeons needed to work very quickly
Spectators would be watching
Surgeon and everyone else present would be in their own clothes
Surgeons would wear an od apron with blood on it to show experience
The Discovery of anaesthetics
1799- Humphrey Davy accidentally discovered nitrous oxide
1844-1845- Horace Wells used nitrous oxide when extracting teeth
1846- William Morton found ether had a more longer lasting affect
1846- Robert Liston uses ether as an anaesthetic
1847- James Simpson uses chloroform as an anaesthetic
1848- First death as a result of chloroform
1858- Queen Victoria uses chloroform during childbirth
John Snow invented the chloroform inhaler
1905- Novocaine used as an anaesthetic
1850-1875- The Black Period of Surgery
Dealing with Infection
Early attempts to control Infection
Ignaz Semmelweiss
1846- Found that making the medical students wash their hands with chlorinated solution between patients reduced the death rate
Florence Nightingale
Set high standards of hygiene in the Crimean War (1854-1856)
Lister uses carbolic acid as an antiseptic
Opposition to Lister
Some doctors didn't accept microbes could cause infection
Using carbolic acid slowed down the process leading to problems of blood loss
Doctors didn't always copy properly so didn't get improved results
Lister kept changing his ideas
The equipment was heavy and expensive
Some surgeons got good results without carbolic acid
Nurses didn't want extra work
1878- Robert Koch develops the steam steriliser
Dealing with Blood Loss
The usual way to deal with blood loss was cautery or ligatures in 17th and 18th century
The ligatures were developed by Ambroise Pare.
Storing Blood
1901- Karl Landsteiner discovers blood groups
1915- Lewisohn uses sodium citrate to stop blood from clotting
1916- Rous and Turner use citrate glucose solution to store blood for longer
1917- First blood depot in the Battle of Cambrai
Richard Weil found blood can be store in refrigerated conditions
Factors affecting the Development of Surgery
War
Harold Gillies set up a Plastic Surgery unit in 1916
Use of prosthetic limbs
Science and Technology
1853- Alexander Wood invents Hypodermic needle
1895- Roentgen discovers X-rays
Communication
Medical Journals
Lister's Germ Theory
The work of Semmelweiss
Newspapers and Public Opinion
Queen Victoria receiving chloroform
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