The 3 Approaches to Argument

Annotations:

• Aristotle created this

1. 6. Conclusion
   1. summary
   2. can have pathos
2. 1. Intro
   1. Hooks the reader
3. 2. State Your Case
   1. Tell any key background information
4. 5. Proof
   1. use evidence and examples.
   2. The body. Logos, pathos,
      1. and ethos is used
5. 3. Proposition

   Annotations:

   • This is the thesis statement 
   1. State which side you're on
   2. State the points that will..
      1. support your argument.
6. 4. Rebuttal
   1. State opposing side
      1. then say why yours is better
   2. Point out weaknesses

Annotations:

• Stephen Toulmin made this approach

1. 1. Claim
   1. Your position on the case.
   2. 3. Warrant
      1. This connects the data and the claim.
      2. Most of the time you have to infer the warrant
         1. it isn't just given.
      3. it shows that the data being used is relevant.
      4. 4. Backing

         Annotations:

         • This is extra support.
         1. this answers other questions that could be brought up to falsify the claim.
      6. GASCAP
         1. 3. Sign
            1. an idea that one thing is influenced by another, like falling dominoes.
         2. 4. Casual
            1. Cause and effect. An event (cause) is the result or influenced a certain factor.
         3. 5. Authority
            1. Is the certain n factor a reliable source. Is it an authoritative source and what interest does it have.
         4. 2. Analogy
            1. When there are similarities between two events and deductions are made based on the similarities
         5. 6. Principle
            1. Using a principle that the majority agrees on in which you can apply a situation to.
         6. 1. Generalization
            1. a picked sample is a good example and holds for a bigger population
2. 2. Data

   Annotations:

   • The proof in the classical approach and the data in the Toulminapproach are very similar. They both use evidence and examples to support the case stated.
   1. 3. Warrant
   2. Supporting evidence
   3. 5. Proof

      Annotations:

      • The proof in the classical approach and the data in the Toulminapproach are very similar. They both use evidence and examples to support the case stated.
   4. Includes the reasons for the claim
   5. 5. Qualifier
      1. This is how strong the data is to the warrant.
      2. if the data only applies to some people then it's a weak qualifier.
3. 6. Rebuttal
   1. this is falsifying the opposing side
   2. 4. Rebuttal

Annotations:

• Carl Rogers made the Rogerian approach

1. 1. An Intro
   1. Define the issue
2. 2. A Neutral Summary of Opposing Belief
   1. You know and understand the opposing side's point of view.
3. 3. Neutral Statement and explanation of your Belief
   1. State your position and the circumstance which it applies.
4. 5. Proposal
   1. A resolve to the issue that has the interest of both positions. Or a position that would benefit the other.
5. 4. Analysis
   1. What do the two positions have in common and what goals and values do they share.