2.2.1 Alcohols

2.2.1 Alcohols

solubility
1. OH on water and alcohol molecules form hydrogen bonds
Volatility
1. Relatively high boiling & melting points due to hydrogen bonding = low volatility
Fermentation
1. C6H8O6 --> 2CH3CH2OH + 2CO2
2. Low temperatures + No oxygen + yeast
3. Max % = 14
Hydration of ethene
1. ethene + H2O --> ethanol
2. steam and acid catalyst
3. reversible reaction: only 5% produced each time
Uses of Alcohols
1. Fuel
  1. 10% ethanol + petroleum = higher octane grade + burns more clearly
2. Alcoholic Drinks
  1. brewed
  2. Distilled
3. Methylated spirits
  1. ethanol + methanol + dye
  2. tax free
  3. solvent
  4. spirit lamps
Primary alcohol
1. 1/no alkyl groups
Secondary alcohol
1. 2 alkyl groups
Tertiary alcohol
1. 3 alkyl groups
Combustion
1. In excess oxygen to produce CO2 and oxygen
Oxidation
1. oxidising reagant for primary + secondary alcohols
  1. acidified potassium dichromate
    1. will turn from orange to green
  2. sulfuric acid
2. Primary & Secondary
  1. acidified potassium dichromate
    1. primary = aldehyde
    2. secondary = ketones
Esterification
1. alcohol + carboxylic acid + acid catalyst
2. warm the alcohol
3. produces an ester + water
Dehydration
1. Forms an alkene
2. heated for 40 minutes
3. in the presence of an acid catalyst
  1. phosphoric acid
  2. sulfuric acid

Resource summary

	Created by phoebers almost 10 years ago