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2.2.1 Alcohols
- solubility
- OH on water
and alcohol
molecules form
hydrogen bonds
- OH on water
and alcohol
molecules form
hydrogen bonds
- Volatility
- Relatively
high boiling
& melting
points due
to hydrogen
bonding =
low
volatility
- Relatively
high boiling
& melting
points due
to hydrogen
bonding =
low
volatility
- Fermentation
- C6H8O6 --> 2CH3CH2OH + 2CO2
- Low
temperatures +
No oxygen +
yeast
- Max % = 14
- C6H8O6 --> 2CH3CH2OH + 2CO2
- Hydration of ethene
- ethene + H2O --> ethanol
- steam
and acid
catalyst
- reversible reaction: only 5% produced
each time
- ethene + H2O --> ethanol
- Uses of Alcohols
- Fuel
- 10% ethanol +
petroleum = higher
octane grade + burns
more clearly
- 10% ethanol +
petroleum = higher
octane grade + burns
more clearly
- Alcoholic Drinks
- brewed
- Distilled
- brewed
- Methylated spirits
- ethanol + methanol + dye
- tax
free
- solvent
- spirit
lamps
- ethanol + methanol + dye
- Fuel
- Primary alcohol
- 1/no alkyl groups
- 1/no alkyl groups
- Secondary alcohol
- 2 alkyl groups
- 2 alkyl groups
- Tertiary alcohol
- 3 alkyl groups
- 3 alkyl groups
- Combustion
- In excess oxygen to produce CO2 and oxygen
- In excess oxygen to produce CO2 and oxygen
- Oxidation
- oxidising reagant
for primary +
secondary
alcohols
- acidified potassium dichromate
- will turn from
orange to green
- will turn from
orange to green
- sulfuric acid
- acidified potassium dichromate
- Primary & Secondary
- acidified potassium dichromate
- primary = aldehyde
- secondary = ketones
- primary = aldehyde
- acidified potassium dichromate
- oxidising reagant
for primary +
secondary
alcohols
- Esterification
- alcohol + carboxylic acid + acid catalyst
- warm the alcohol
- produces an ester + water
- alcohol + carboxylic acid + acid catalyst
- Dehydration
- Forms an alkene
- heated
for 40
minutes
- in the presence of an acid catalyst
- phosphoric acid
- sulfuric acid
- phosphoric acid
- Forms an alkene
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