Molecules - A
Particle Of Two or
More Atoms Joined
Ion - An Atom Or Group Of
Atoms That Carries An
Electrical Charge
Properties Of Solid, Liquid and Gas
Annotations:
Solid - Fixed Pattern
Vibrates
Really Close Together
Liquid - No Fixed Pattern
Slides Past Each Other
Close Together
Gas - No Arrangement
Move Everywhere Rapidly
Far Apart from each other
Changing States
Annotations:
When we heat a solid, its particle GAIN ENERGY, which causes them to vibrate more. The FORCE OF ATTRACTION between the particles are weakened and the solid therefor melts. Heating it again in a higher temp. causes the force of attraction to weaken even more, causing the liquid to boil(turn into gas)
Apparatus For Measuring
Beaker - A simple
Container for stirring,
mixing and heating a
liquid
Conical Flask -
Uses to hold
chemical in it
(same use for a
beaker)
Measuring Cylinder - Used
to measure the Volume of
Liquid accurately
Pipette - transport a measured volume of liquid,
Burette - is used to accurately deliver up to 50cm3 of liquid
Method Of Purification
Separating Solid From a Solution
FILTRATION
Annotations:
EG. Water and Sand
Water can past through the filter paper but sand cant because its particle is to big to past though. So water is left by its own separated from the sand
CRYSTALLISATION
Annotations:
Is used to obtain crysalline solid from a solution. The solvent (a substance that dissovles in a solute) is gently heated to concentrate it, The solvent(usuallt water) is evaporated.
CENTRIFUGE
Annotations:
Is a machine which spins to separate liquid from solid
Decanting
Annotations:
Is simply pouring off the solution.
Obtain A Solvent From A Solution
SIMPLE DISTILLATION
Annotations:
Eg. A solution of salt and water.
The solution is heated up. Water which has a lower boiling point then salt has will turn into gas and travel down the condenser where it turns back into liquid, dropping into a beaker. A solution of salt is left behind and a beaker of fresh water.
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
Annotations:
Used to separate a mixture of liquids with different boiling points.
EVAPORATION
Diffusion
The Random Movement Of Particles In A Solution Or In
Gases Leading To Complete Mixing Of Partilce