The Origins of Parliament

Causes
1. Henry III did not stick to all Magna Carta clauses
  1. Relationship with the barons deteriorated when he came into power (1234)
2. Subservience to the pope
  1. Henry paid the pope taxes
    1. To fund European wars
    2. Wanted Henry's son on Sicilian throne
    3. Eventually failed
      1. Threatened with excommunication
  2. Suggested Richard be Holy Roman Emperor
  3. Meant Barons were paying more taxes
    1. Would lead to Pope having more power
3. Too friendly with the French
  1. Married Frenchwoman
  2. Closest adviser was French
  3. Barons feared French invasion
4. Fell out with Simon de Montfort
  1. (Gascony campaigns)
    1. Win back land lost by Father
    2. 1230 - Henry lost
    3. 1248 - Simon won
      1. Was called back due to brutality to locals
    4. Edward sent to continue campaign
Key Events
1. Provisions of Oxford 1258
  1. Council of 15 barons in charge of the Great Council
    1. Elected by 24 men
      1. 12 Chosen by the barons
      2. 12 chosen by the King
  2. Foreign members of the Royal household were to be banished
  3. Ony Englishmen could own castles
  4. A sheriff was appointed for every county
    1. Responsible for taxes
      1. Taxes were decided locally
  5. Barons could make decisions without consulting the King
    1. King could not make decisions without consulting the barons
2. Response:
  1. Not all the barons were happy
  2. Older barons did not approve of the local interference from the King
  3. Younger barons felt that they had lost influence
  4. October 1529
    1. Provisions of Westminister
      1. Extension of Provisions of Oxford
      2. Reformed local government
        Popular with less wealthy/powerful
        Force barons to accept reforms from tenants
3. Battle of Lewes
  1. Barons were divided
  2. Henry asked the Pope for permission to cancel
    1. Pope permitted cancellation
      1. Henry appointed his own barons for the council
  3. de Montfort left for France
    1. Returned 3 years later
      1. Called back by the barons
      2. Started the Second Barons' War
  4. 1264
    1. Barons emerged victorious
      1. Captured King and Prince Edward
      2. de Montfort became King
4. Battle of Evesham - 1265
  1. de Montfort called a parliament
    1. Felt his popularity was falling
    2. Invited representatives from each county
      1. Increased support
      2. Popular with merchant classes and commoners
      3. Less popular with traditional nobility
      4. Became meeting of the Commons
  2. Barons decided de Montfort was an autocrat
    1. Decided to support Henry
      1. His son, Edward had escaped and raised an army
  3. de Montfort died during the Battle
    1. Fell from his horse
    2. His body was cut up and sent all over the country
      1. A warning to potential rebels
5. Henry ruled until 1272
  1. Never called another Parliament
6. Edward ruled from 1272 - 1307
  1. Called lots of parliaments
    1. Raised funds for warfare
  2. Set up Model Parliament in 1295
    1. Lords invited
    2. Commoners elected
      1. Only rich could vote
      2. Not secret ballot
Significance
1. Positive
  1. de Montfort was influential in the common growth of power
  2. Significant attempt to redistribute power
  3. Provisions of Oxford
    1. Showed beginning of growth of power for lower classes
2. Negative
  1. Was not the perfect model for parliament
  2. King's power was not totally challenged by parliament until English Revolution
Simon de Montfort
1. Aristocratic Norman heritage
  1. Land and power deteriorated over 200 years
2. Earl of Leicester
3. King's steward
4. Married to King's sister
  1. Wealth and opportunity
5. Led a rebellion
  1. Led to second barons' war
6. Called two parliaments
7. Died at the Battle of Evesham 1265

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The Origins of Parliament

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