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End of chapter review: Models Of
Memory
- Duration
- LTM unlimited
- STM measured in seconds
- Lloyd and Margaret Peterson(1959)
- Findings
- participants remembered; about 90% at 3 second
interval
- participants remembered only 2% at the 18
second interval
- suggests STM lasts about 20 seconds at most
- participants remembered; about 90% at 3 second
interval
- landmark study
- enlisted the help of 24 students attending their university
- consonant syllable followed by a three digit number(e.g. TZA 193)
- Immediately after hearing the syllable and number participants were asked to
count backwards from this number in 3's or 4's until told to stop
- 2 practice trials 8 actual trials. In each trial the retention
interval was different:3,6,9,12,15,18 (seconds)
- 2 practice trials 8 actual trials. In each trial the retention
interval was different:3,6,9,12,15,18 (seconds)
- Immediately after hearing the syllable and number participants were asked to
count backwards from this number in 3's or 4's until told to stop
- consonant syllable followed by a three digit number(e.g. TZA 193)
- enlisted the help of 24 students attending their university
- Findings
- Lloyd and Margaret Peterson(1959)
- refers to how long a memory lasts before it is no
longer available
- LTM unlimited
- Capacity
- LTM unlimited
- STM less than 7 chunks
- George Miller(1956
- magic number 7 +/- 2
- reviewed psychological research
- concluded that the span of immediate memory is 7
- people can cope reasonably well with counting 7 dots flashed
onto a screen but not many more than this
- same applies for musical notes,digits,letters and words
- same applies for musical notes,digits,letters and words
- people can cope reasonably well with counting 7 dots flashed
onto a screen but not many more than this
- concluded that the span of immediate memory is 7
- Chunk things together which enables us to remember more
- Simon(1974)
- size of chunk matters
- larger chunks=shorter memory span(8-word phrases)
- size of chunk matters
- Simon(1974)
- magic number 7 +/- 2
- Evaluation
- Cowan(2001)
- STM is likely to be limited to approximately 4 chunks
- suggests STM may not be as extensive as was first
thought
- suggests STM may not be as extensive as was first
thought
- supported by Vogel et al. (2001)
- looked at capacity of STM for visual information rather than verbal
stimuli and also found 4 items to be roughly the limit
- looked at capacity of STM for visual information rather than verbal
stimuli and also found 4 items to be roughly the limit
- STM is likely to be limited to approximately 4 chunks
- Cowan(2001)
- refers to how much information
can be held in memory
- LTM unlimited
- Encoding
- STM-Acoustic/visual
- acoustic=coding information in terms of the way it sounds
- acoustic=coding information in terms of the way it sounds
- LTM-Semantic(meaning)
- semantic= coding information by its representative meaning
- semantic= coding information by its representative meaning
- the way information is changed so that it can be
stored in memory
- Baddeley(1966a&1966b)
- tested effects of both acoustic and semantic similarity on short-term & long-term recall
- gave participants a list of words which were either acoustically similar
or dissimilar and words that were semantically similar or dissimilar
- findings
- participants had difficulty
remembering acoustically similar
words in STM but not in LTM
- Semantically similar words posed little
problem for short-term recall but led to
muddled long-term memories
- participants had difficulty
remembering acoustically similar
words in STM but not in LTM
- findings
- tested effects of both acoustic and semantic similarity on short-term & long-term recall
- STM-Acoustic/visual
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