Cells and Organelles Questions

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• Prokaryotes and Eukayotes.

1. What are main differences of these two types of organisms?
   1. What are two examples of these two types of organisms?

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      • Prokaryotes - E coli bacterium, salmonella bacterium Eukayotes - Human liver cell, yeast

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• Plasma membrane, RER, nucleus, nucleolus, SER, lysosome, ribosome, nuclear envelope, Golgi apparatus, cytoplasm, mitochondrion

1. What organelles do plant cells have that animal cells don't?

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   • A cell wall with plasmodesmata, a vacuole and chloroplasts.

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• The plasma membrane is the membrane found on the surface of animal cells and just inside the cell wall of plant cells and prokaryotic cells.

1. What is the function of plasma membrane?

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   • The plasma membrane regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell. It also has receptor molecules on it, which allow it to respond to chemicals like hormones.
2. What is the plasma membrane also called?

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   • Cell surface membrane

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• The cell wall is a rigid structure that surrounds plant cells. It's made mainly of the carbohydrate cellulose.

1. What is the function of the cell wall?

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   • The cell wall supports plant cells.

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• Lysosomes are round organelles surrounded by a membrane, with no clear internal structure.

1. What is the function of lysosomes?

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   • Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes which are kept separate from the cytoplasm by the surrounding membrane. The enzymes can be used to digest invading cells or break down worn out components of the cell.

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• Small organelles that either float free in the cytoplasm or are attached to RER.

1. What is the function of ribosomes?

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   • The site where proteins are made.

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• A system of membranes enclosing a fluid-filled space. The surface is covered with ribosomes.

1. What is the function of RER?

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   • Folds and processes proteins that have been made at the ribosomes.

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• Similar to RER but with no ribosomes.

1. What is the function of SER?

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   • Synthesises and processes lipids.

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• Large organelle surrounded by a nuclear envelope. Contains pores, chromatin and sometimes nucleolus. 

1. What is the function of the nucleus?

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• Small fluid-filled sac in the cytoplasm, surrounded by a membrane.

1. What is the function of vesicles?

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   • Transports substances in and out of the cell and between organelles. 

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• Group of fluid-filled flattened sacs. Vesicles are often seen at the edges of the sacs.

1. What is the function of Golgi apparatus?

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   • Processes and packages new lipids and proteins. Also makes lysosomes.

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• Usually oval-shaped. Has a double membrane. Usually found in large numbers.

1. What is the function of mitochondria?

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   • Site of aerobic respiration, where ATP is produced. 

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• Small, flattened structure found in plant cells. Surrounded by double membrane, also has membranes inside.

1. What is the function of chloroplasts?

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   • Site of photosynthesis.