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Mind Map by sjheelboy97, updated more than 1 year ago
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Aggression mind-map for A2 AQA Psychology
- According to Bandura,
aggressive behaviour is
learned either through direct
experience or vicarious
experience
- Learning by direct experience: if a child pushes
another child and as a result gets something they
want, the action is reinforced & is more likely to
occur in similar situations in the future. these
principles are similar to those of operant
conditioning.
- Learning by Vicarious experience: Observational
learning.
- When a child observes a role model behaving in a particular way and
reproduces that behaviour. The child is then said to be imitating the behaviour of the model.
- The aggressive behaviour is
more likely to be imitated if
the model if rewarded for their
behaviour.
- The aggressive behaviour is
more likely to be imitated if
the model if rewarded for their
behaviour.
- Bandura believed that vicarious learning is the
most probable cause for aggression
- When a child observes a role model behaving in a particular way and
reproduces that behaviour. The child is then said to be imitating the behaviour of the model.
- Learning by direct experience: if a child pushes
another child and as a result gets something they
want, the action is reinforced & is more likely to
occur in similar situations in the future. these
principles are similar to those of operant
conditioning.
- social psychological
explanations of Agression
- BIOLOGICAL EXPLANATION OF AGGRESSION
- Hormonal mecancisms in aggression
- Testosterone
- Androgens (male hormaones), such as
Testosterone are considered important factors in
aggressive behaviour.
- This link is demonstrated in an increased violence of young
adolescent males, which is when Testosterone levels peak.
- Lindman et al (1987)
- Found that young males who behaved aggressively when
drunk had higher levels of testosterone than those who did
not act aggressively.
- Although, the research support
provides positive correlations we
cannot establish cause & effect
because there are mediating factors
which could influence aggression
rather than testosterone.
- For example, in Lindman's
study the alcohol may have
influenced the aggressive
behaviour. Furthermore, high
levels of testosterone could be
a consequence of engaging in
aggressive acts rather than
testosterone causing the
aggression.
- For example, in Lindman's
study the alcohol may have
influenced the aggressive
behaviour. Furthermore, high
levels of testosterone could be
a consequence of engaging in
aggressive acts rather than
testosterone causing the
aggression.
- Although, the research support
provides positive correlations we
cannot establish cause & effect
because there are mediating factors
which could influence aggression
rather than testosterone.
- Found that young males who behaved aggressively when
drunk had higher levels of testosterone than those who did
not act aggressively.
- Lindman et al (1987)
- Research support for Testosterone
- Archer 1991 analysed the results of
230 males over 5 studies and found
a low positive correlation between
testosterone and aggression
- A larger meta -analysis (Book at al) of 45
studies established a mean correlation of
0.14 between testosterone and
aggression.
- ... However, Archer et al claims, that methodological problems with
this study meant that a correlation of 0.08 was more
appropriate.
- ... However, Archer et al claims, that methodological problems with
this study meant that a correlation of 0.08 was more
appropriate.
- Inconsistent evidence for
Testosterone
- Despite supporting evidence, much
of it has only shown weak positive
correlations between testosterone
and aggression, with some studies
that find no relationship at all.
- For example, Bain at al,
found NO significant
differences in testosterone
levels between men who
had been charged with
murder or violent assault,
& those charge with
non-violent burglary.
- Therefore the explanation should be applied with caution.
- - biased sample#
- Biased samples, Gender Bias, Reductonist
- - biased sample#
- Therefore the explanation should be applied with caution.
- For example, Bain at al,
found NO significant
differences in testosterone
levels between men who
had been charged with
murder or violent assault,
& those charge with
non-violent burglary.
- Despite supporting evidence, much
of it has only shown weak positive
correlations between testosterone
and aggression, with some studies
that find no relationship at all.
- Archer 1991 analysed the results of
230 males over 5 studies and found
a low positive correlation between
testosterone and aggression
- This link is demonstrated in an increased violence of young
adolescent males, which is when Testosterone levels peak.
- Testosterone has this effect due to its
action on areas of the frontal lobe in the
brain, which are responsible for
aggression.
- Androgens (male hormaones), such as
Testosterone are considered important factors in
aggressive behaviour.
- Cortisol
- Second hormone involved in the
increase of aggression. However, it
may have a less of a direct effect than
testosterone.
- Cortisol is an
important part of
the body's
response to
stress and
encourages
social withdrawal
- Cortisol is percieved to have a mediating
effect on aggression
- Without typical
levels of Cortisol,
testosterone
levels are not
stabilised
- Low levels of Cortisol are
therefore associated with higher
levels of aggression; they are
negatively correlated.
- For example, there have been low levels of
Cortisol found in habitually violent offenders.
(Virkken, 1985)
- Low levels of Cortisol are
therefore associated with higher
levels of aggression; they are
negatively correlated.
- Without typical
levels of Cortisol,
testosterone
levels are not
stabilised
- Cortisol is an
important part of
the body's
response to
stress and
encourages
social withdrawal
- Research support for the role of Cortisol
- The moderating effect of
Cortisol on aggressive
behaviour is supported in a
4 year study of boys with
behavioural problems. ( Mc Burnett et al, 2000).
- Those boys with
consistently low
cortisol levels
began antisocial
acts at a younger
age and exhibited
3x the number of
aggressive
symptoms,
compared to boys
with higher or
flucuating cortisol
levels.
- Researchers concluded that Cortisol
levels were strongly and inversely
related to aggressive conduct disorder.
- Researchers concluded that Cortisol
levels were strongly and inversely
related to aggressive conduct disorder.
- Those boys with
consistently low
cortisol levels
began antisocial
acts at a younger
age and exhibited
3x the number of
aggressive
symptoms,
compared to boys
with higher or
flucuating cortisol
levels.
- The moderating effect of
Cortisol on aggressive
behaviour is supported in a
4 year study of boys with
behavioural problems. ( Mc Burnett et al, 2000).
- Second hormone involved in the
increase of aggression. However, it
may have a less of a direct effect than
testosterone.
- Testosterone
- Neural mechanisms
- Hormonal mecancisms in aggression
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