F324 All Reactions

Alkanes
1. Combustion
  1. Incomplete
    1. Forms CO/C + H2O
      1. Carbon monoxide binds to haemoglobin irreversably so can be toxic
  2. Complete
    1. Forms CO2 + H2O
  3. As size of molecules increase the more Van Der Waals Forces there are so they don't vaporise as easily and so are harder to ignite
2. Halogenation
  1. R-CH3 + Cl2 --> R-CH2Cl + HCl
3. Cracking
  1. Hydrocarbons are split in to smaller more useful molecules
Alkenes
1. Hydrogenation
  1. Alkene + H2 --> Alkane
    1. 100% Atom Economy
  2. Nickel Catalyst at 150˚c
2. Halogenation (Electrophilic Addition)
  1. Alkene + Halogen --> Halogenoalkane
3. with Hydrogen Halides
  1. Reaction Rates
    1. HI HBr HCl HF
Halogenoalkanes
1. Nucleophili c Substitution
2. Elimination
3. with Ammonia
Alcohols
1. Oxidation
  1. Primary
    1. Forms Aldehyde
      1. CH3CH2OH + [O] --> CH3CHO + H2O
      2. Further Oxidation forms a Carboxylic acud
        CH3CHO + [O] --> CH3COOH
  2. Tertiary
    1. Do not oxidise as no Hydrogen atoms on the carbon to set up the C=O bond
  3. Secondary
    1. Forms a Ketone
      1. CH3CHOHCH3 + [O] --> CH3C=OCH3 + H2O
  4. Reducing Agent: K2Cr2O7
    1. Cr₂O₇²- + 14H⁺ + 6e⁻ --> 2Cr³⁺ + 7H₂o
    2. Primary: Green Secondary : Green Tertiary : Orange
2. Dehydration
  1. CH3CH2OH --> H2C=CH2 + H2O
  2. Reagants and COnditions: Heated with excess conc H3PO4 at 170℃
3. with Sodium
  1. CH₃CH₂OH + 2Na --> 2CH₃CH₂O⁻Na⁺ + H₂
4. With Hydrogen Halides
  1. R-OH + HX --> R-X + H2O
Acid Anhydrides
Esters
1. Hydrolysis
  1. Acid
    1. Ester + H⁺ --> Carboxylic acid + Alcohol
    2. Reagants and COnditions: Dilute HCL heated under reflux
  2. Alkali
    1. Ester + OH⁻ --> Carboxylate salt + Alcohol
    2. Reagants and Conditions: Dilute NaOH heated under reflux
  3. Polyesters
Aldehydes
Ketones
Carboxylic Acids
Amines

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F324 All Reactions

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	Created by mayy almost 10 years ago