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2554349
Unit 2 Sociology
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Mind Map on Unit 2 Sociology, created by Ashleigh Overy on 21/04/2015.
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Unit 2 Sociology
The Role of the Educational System
Functionalist
Emile Durkheim
Argueud that social solidarity (social unity) is essential to the survival of the society
Education should develop similarities between members of society and bind them together
Common history is vital for uniting society
Industry has specialized division of labour
Talcott Parsons
Education system is the main form of secondary socialisation
Individual achivement
Equality of opportunities
Schools are a miniature version of wider society
Role allocation is one of the main functions of the educational system
Criticisms
The education system may be transmitting the values of the ruling classes
The way history is taught reflects a white middle class view, not other cultures, taking away from social solidarity
There is evidence to say certain groups underachieve in schools
Hard to see a direct link between school subjects and the real world
Marxist
Louis Althusser
Schools teach that capitalism is just and reasonable
Capitalist society is fundamental to social control
Bowles and Gintis
Schools are like wider society, based on heirachy
Children are motived by external rewards, much like the workplace e.g. pay rise
If unequality was to be questioned, social stability could become threatened
Those who get the higher paid jobs do so because of their social backround and because they do as they are told
Willis
The lads were not shaped by the educational system, as they created their own counter school culture
The rejection of school means they have prepared themselves for the workplace
Criticisms
It is based on capitalism being unjust, oppressive, and exploiting the workforce
Social Class and Educational Attainment
Working Class Subcultures
Fatalistic: accepting the situation rather than working to improve it
Present-time orientated: Living for the moment rather than planning for the future
Concerned with immediate gratification: taking pleasures now, rather than making sacrifices for the future
Cultural Depravation
Views of sociologists such as Sugarman and Douglas became known as cultural deprivation theory
Those at the bottom of the class system are deprived of important values, attitudes, experiences, skills which are essential for educational success
Their home life lacks books, educational toys, and motivation from their parents
A culturally deprived child is seen as substandard, which in turn probably makes them fail
Criticisms
So called culturally deprived behavior may be down to lack of money, not lack of norms and values
Diverts blame form the educational system and places it on their backround
Restricted and Elaborated Codes
Bernstein identified to two forms of speech pattern
Restricted Code: Shorthand speech, used with friends and family, sentences are often short and unfinished, detail is omitted, explanation is not given
Elaborative Code: Meanings are made explicit, details are explained, and can be understood by everyone
Middle class children are fluent in both, whereas working class are limited to restricted, disadvantaging them, as education is in elaborative code
Criticisms
He provides little evidence that the working class is limited to restricted code
Cultural Capital
Bourdieu starts with the idea that there is a dominant culture in society
The higher peoples position in society the more dominant culture they have
Children born into middle and upper class families are more likely to succeed in school, as their culture because they are closer to teachers
Bourdieu said that dominant culture can be seen as cultural capital, as it is converted into material rewards or high saleries
The primary purpose of education is to reproduce dominant culture
Labelling Theory
Teachers are more likely to label middle class students as good students, and well behaved
If a pupil is labelled as bright then others will react to this, and interpret their actions based on their label
The pupil will act in terms of their label and see themselves as bright, fulfilling the prophecy others (self fulfilling prophecy)
Setting and Streaming
Middle class pupils are placed in higher groups, with lower class students placed in lower groups
Most teachers prefer to teach the higher ability groups, because the conduct is likely to be better of the pupils, than in lower groups
Those in lower groups tend to develop the anti-school subculture, where breaking the rules is highly regarded by some pupils
Teachers spend more time controlling the behaviors of such groups than teaching them
Criticisms
Recent research has indicated that setting and streaming has little effect on pupils achievement
Examination Sets
GCSE is split, mostly, into higher and foundation tiers, those in foundation cannot achieve B-A* grades
Middle class students are usually placed into higher tier exams, and working class students into foundation exams
This has more to do with teachers perception of what counts as ability than the students actual ability
Working class students are denied the opportunity of attaining high grades
Ethnicity and Educational Achievement
Explaining the Differences in Attainment
Social Class
A higher proportion of ethnic minority groups that come from a working class backround are less likely to succeed
However the influence of class on ethnic performance varies from group to group, in particular class effects whites
Bangledeshi students don't seem effected by this, they are mostly working class, and have improved greatly since 1992-2006
Cultural Factors
To a degree ethnic groups have their own subcultures and values
Language reasons hold a large part to why there are differences in achievement, Bangladeshis are less likely to be familiar with the English language
The value placed on education can also play a role in this, with research showing how those parents from ethnic minorities encourage their children
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