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Light and Optical Systems

Properties of Light
1. Light travels in straight lines
2. Light can be reflected
3. Light can bend/ refract
4. Light is a form of energy
Glare is the light reflected off of glass
Shadows
1. Shadows only from opaque objects, some translucent but never transparent.
2. Light cannot go through opaque objects like us, so it creates a shadow instead.
3. When an opaque object is closer to the light source, it creates a bigger shadow because it is blocking more light.
Light Interactions
1. Transparent
  Annotations:
  - light rays travel straight through these objects and that is why we can see through them clearly.
2. Translucent
  Annotations:
  - some light can pas through, not all the light rays- this is why we sometimes see through clearly but not much, might be blurry
3. Opaque
  Annotations:
  - light DOES NOT pass through these types of objects so we cannot see through them and they make shadows instead.
  - Opaque objects like like pencils are non-luminous because they do not produce their own light, unlike a flashlight or the sun.
When a light source is closer to your eyes, it is really bright because most of the rays goes into our eyes. When the light source is farther away from your eyes, it is not as bright because fewer rays hit your eyes because the distance
Early Light Ideas
1. Pythagoras
  Annotations:
  - thought light was beams and thought the light beams came out of our eyes
2. Euclid
  Annotations:
  - angle of reflection, the incoming beam and reflected beam are the same angle
3. Al-Haytham
  Annotations:
  - accurately describes vision, light reflects off objects and into our eyes
4. Isaac Newton
  Annotations:
  - figured out the different frequencies of light by shining it through a prism.
5. Albert A. Michelson
  Annotations:
  - discovered the speed of light.
Concave Mirrors
1. Curve inward
2. Collect light
3. Obey the Law of Reflection
4. Rays head to a common point, the FOCAL POINT
  Annotations:
  - Collecting light and bringing it all into a single point. Where all the reflected light rays intersect.
5. Ex. Flashlight, telescope, car headlights.
6. If the object is far from the focal point of the mirror, the reflected rays form an upside down image, which is much smaller than the object.
  1. But when the object is closer to the focal point, the image becomes larger than the actual object.
  2. If the object is between the focal point and the mirror, it appears right side up and bigger.
Convex Mirrors
1. Curves outward
2. Spreades light outwards
  Annotations:
  - Opposite of concave mirror.
3. Reflected images appear smaller than they are
4. Ex. car side mirrors, security mirrors, etc
  Annotations:
  - Because car mirrors say "Objects in the mirror are closer than they appear" the reflected image is smaller because they reflect more scenery.
5. Convex mirrors reflect parallel rays as if they are coming from behind the mirror
Waves
1. Wavelength
  Annotations:
  - The distance from one crest to another crest- the length between the crests.
2. Amplitude
  Annotations:
  - The height of a wave from rest to crest position.
3. Frequency
  Annotations:
  - The number of times the wave goes on in a certain amount of time
4. The Electromagnetic Spectrum
  Annotations:
  - Hi
  1. 1. Radio Waves
    Annotations:
    - Used for radios, communication. These are the longest wavelengths.
  2. 2. Microwaves
    Annotations:
    - -used to heat up food -shorter than radio waves -carry more energy than radio waves -make water particles in food vibrate
  3. 3. Infrared Waves
    Annotations:
    - -we can't see them -felt as heat -special equipment to actually see them
  4. 4. Ultraviolet Waves
    Annotations:
    - -carries more energy than visible light -can burn the skin -skin risks like cancer -most rays absorbed by ozone layer -can be protected by sunblock
  5. 5. Visible Light Waves
    Annotations:
    - Natural Sources of Visible Light: -stars -combustion -Bioluminescence -Chemiluminescence
    - Artificial Sources of Visible Light -Incandescent Light -Fluorescent Light -LED (light emitting-diodes) Light
  6. 6. X-Rays
    Annotations:
    - -high energy radiation -useful for medical imagine -can see your bones
  7. 7. Gamma Rays
    Annotations:
    - -high energy radiation -used to kill cancer cells -
5. form of energy
6. travel out in all directions
Eyes ?️?️
1. Outer Parts
  1. Cornea
  2. Sclera
  3. Optic Nerve
2. Fluid Parts
  1. Aqueous Humor (Front)
  2. Vitreous Humor (Rear)
3. Front Parts
  1. Iris
  2. Pupil
  3. Lens
  4. Ciliary Muscle
4. Rear Parts
  1. Retina
    1. Rod Cells
    2. Cone Cells
    3. Blood Vessels
  2. Fovia
  3. Blind Spot
5. Camera
  1. Controls Light
    1. Diaphragm
    2. Aperture
  2. Allows Light to Enter
    1. Shutter
  3. Collects light
    1. Double Convex Lens
  4. Stores Image
    1. Colour Film
    2. Black and White Film
Colours of Light
1. Primary Colours
  1. Green
  2. Blue
  3. Red
2. Secondary Colours
  1. Yellow
    Annotations:
    - Green + Red
  2. Cyan
    Annotations:
    - Blue + Green
  3. Magenta
    Annotations:
    - Red + Blue
Sources of Light
1. Natural
  1. Stars
  2. Combustion
  3. Bioluminescence
  4. Chemiluminescence
2. Artificial
  1. Incandescent
  2. Fluorescent
  3. LED

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Light and Optical Systems

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	Created by Jamie Rose Gonzales almost 4 years ago