Treatment of a noise phobia using
systematic desensitisation
Biological - Kane
Treating schizophrenic
patients with Fluphenazine
Cognitive - Beck et al
Comparing cognitive treatment to dug therapy
(cognitive treatment was more effective)
Explanations
Cognitive - Beck et al
Cognitive distortion in patients with depression
Biological- Gottesman & Shields
Adoption and twin studies
into schizophrenia
Behavioural - Watson & Rayner
Inducing fear through classical
conditioning (Little Albert Study)
Diagnosis
DSM/ICD
Catagorising dysfunctional behaviourso
that professionals are able to diagnose
disorders appropriately and give the
correct treatment
DSM- Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Health
ICD - International Classification of\Diseases & Related
Health Problems
Definitions - Rosenhan & Seligman
STATISTICAL INFREQUENCY - Behaviour
that is not seen very often in society
DEVIATION FROM SOCIAL NORMS - If
society doen't approve of a behaviour it
is considered dysfunctional
DEVIATION FROM IDEAL MENTAL HEALTH - (Johoda) Have a
positive view on yourself - Be capable of some personal growth -
Be independent and self-regulating - Have an accurate view of
reality - Be resistant to stress - Be able to adapt to your
environment
FAILURE TO FUNCTION ADEQUATELY - If a person is not
functioning in a way that enables them to live independently
in society they they are considered dysfunctional
Sex Bias - Ford & Widiger
AIM: To find out if clinicians were stereotyping
genders when diagnosing disorders
METHODOLOGY: Self-report where
practitioner is given a scenario and has to give
diagnosis. IV - Gender of patient in scenario
DV - Diagnosis made by clinician
PARTICIPANTS: 354 clinical psychologists from
1127 randomly selected from National Register
Stress
Causes
Workplace - Johansson
Workplace stressors can produces varying degrees of
stress i.e. work-load, pace of the work or role conflict
Hassles & Life events - Kanner
Effect of life event on hasseles
and uplifts in the p's life i.e. death of close one
Lack of Control - Geer & Maisel
Lack of control over given situation. More control = less stressful If
perceived control or actual control can reduce stress
Measuring
Combined - Johansson
Physiological - Urine sample (adrenaline levels)
Self-report - mood and alertness
Quasi-experiment - IV was their job
Physiological - Geer & Maisel
Galvanic Skin Response Ability to control stimulus
(photo of crash victim) reduces stress
Self report - Holmes & Rahe
Given self-repot
Managing
Cognitive - Meichenbaum
SIT (compared to systematic desensitisation & a
control) P's are taught positive statements and
relaxation methods
Social - Waxler-Morrison
Relationship between social relations and survival
of breast cancer Employment and marriage were significant
Behavioural - Budzynski
Biofeedback - P's learn relaxation technique
and get EMG feedback (muscle tension)
Healthy Living
Health Campaigns
Fear Arousal - Janis & Feshbeck
consequences on
emotions and fear
appeals in
communication
Legislation - Dannenberg
AIM: To review the impact of the passing of a
law requiring cycle helmet wearing in children
METHODOLOGY: Natural experiment
Media Campaign - Cowpe
AIM: to test the effectiveness of an
advertising campaign informing people
how to deal with chip-pan fires )
METHODOLOGY: Quasi
experiment (I.V where people live)
PARTICIPANTS: People living in
the television areas
PROCEDURE: Campaigns were shown on T.V. Two 60 second
adverts were shown. The adverts were show once but three
areas (Granada, Harlech & Tyne Tees) were show reminders a
year later.
FINDINGS: The net decline in each are was between 7% and 25%.
Largest reduction was in Tyne Tees of 33% during campaign, then
17% then 15% Seemed that ad had less impact if seen more than
once. Questionnaire showed awareness was 62% before ads and
then 90-96% after campaign (in Yorkshire)
CONCLUSION: The campaign proved effective as shown
by the reduction in chip-pan fres. Behaviour change is
seen most during the capaign
Theories of Health Belief
Health Belief Model - Becker
Mothers adherence to a drug regime
for their asthmatic children
Locus of Control - Rotter
P's who feel they have control over situation
are more likely to show coping bahaviour
Self-efficacy - Bandura
Self-efficacy of patients undergoing
systematic desensitisation in relation to a
phobia i.e snake
Adherence
Hypertensive Patients - Bullpit
Review research on adherence in hypertensive
patients - adhere if benefit outweighs cost
Fluoxentine for Depression - Lustman
Efficacy of treatment for
depression in diabetics
Improving adherence - Watt et al
Using a Funhaler can improve children
adherence to asthma medication