Gcse Home Economics: Child Development

Family and Parenthood
1. Types of families
  1. Nuclear family
    1. Parents and children live together in the home. Contact with other family members is limited.
  2. Extended family
    1. Parents and children live with, or near, relatives like grandparents, aunts uncles and cousins
  3. Step family
    1. Parents and children live together in the home. Contact with other family members is limited.
  4. A single-Parent Family
    1. Can be the result of: divorce, the death of a parent, an absent parent, a surrogacy arrange.
  5. Shared Care family
    1. Children live in two households and spend time with both parents.
  6. Adoptive family
    1. Adoptive Parents provide a permanent home for babies and older children. A court gives them the same legal rights and responsibilities as birth parents.
      1. Reasons for adopting include: Infertility, Adoption after remarriage, Adoption of a family member, Adoption of a disadvantaged child.
Health and Safety
1. Parasites
  1. Headlice
    1. Signs and Symptoms
      1. Itchy red bite mark on scalp, grey eggs attacked to hair, white/ shiny empty egg cases on hair.
    2. How Spread?
      1. Head to head contact
    3. Prevention and Treatment:
      1. Leave conditioner on hair and wet-comb with nit comb, use chemical shampoo treatment.
  2. Scabies
    1. Signs and Symptoms
      1. Irritating skin rash, mite 'burrow' are seen, if scratched rash produced septic spots.
    2. How Spread?
      1. Direct skin to skin contact
    3. Prevention and Treatment
      1. Treat ALL family with lotion from GP, thoroughly wash towels, bed linen and clothing.
  3. Fleas
    1. Signs and symptoms
      1. Small red bite marks
    2. How Spread?
      1. Jump long distances onto other people.
    3. Prevention and Treatment
      1. Ensure people, houses and clothes are clean, treat pets for fleas.
  4. Threadworms
    1. How Spread?
      1. Swallowing eggs
    2. Signs and Symptoms
      1. Itching around anus, worms visible in faeces or around anus.
    3. Prevention and Treament
      1. Strict hygiene eg thorough hand washing, bath or shower each morning, medicate whole family.
  5. Roundworms
    1. Signs and Symptoms
      1. Fever, vomiting, painful muscles and joints, damage to eyesight.
    2. How Spread?
      1. Swallowing eggs from animal faeces.
    3. Prevention and Treatment
      1. Strict pet hygiene - wash hand after playing with pets, safe disposal of animal faeces, medicate whole family.
2. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
  1. The sudden, unexpected death of a baby as it sleeps.
  2. ALWAYS...
    1. Put a baby on their back
    2. Use a firm mattress
    3. Ensure the room is 16-18 degrees
    4. Tuck covers in well below the baby's shoulders
    5. Breastfeed if possible
  3. You can reduce the risk by keeping the baby in the parents' room at night for the fist 6 months.
Nutrition and Health
1. Weaning
  1. Stage 1 (6 months)
    1. Give pureed veg/fruit, baby rice, milk=most important food still.
      1. When?
        A very tiny amount during or after a milk feed to start the transition of milk to solids
  2. Stage 2 (7-9 months)
    1. Increase variety, pureed meat, fish, lentils, beans, wheat based foods.
      1. Offer some finger food and give babies a spoon so they can try to feed themselves.
      2. When?
        At the end of a milk feed to introduce other foods when the child is hungry
  3. Stage 3 (9-12 months)
    1. Cow's milk safely drank (12m), introduce lumpier foods eg pasta, pieces of meat, cheese, bread. Additional fluids eg unsweetened dilluted fruit juics & water. 3 regular meals as well as drinks.
      1. When?
        At mealtimes with the rest of the family to encourage independence.
Birth and Post-natal care
1. Stages of Labout
  1. Stage 1
    1. Contractions make your cervix gradually open up (dilate)- longest stage
  2. Stage 2
    1. Contractions more frequent & stronger, cervix is fully open & you begin crowning then full birth. Part of labour where you help baby move through vagina by pushing during contractions
  3. Stage 3
    1. After birth, womb contracts & causes placenta to come out through the vagina
Pregnancy and Ante-natal care
1. Reproductive Organs
  1. Ovaries
    1. Control production of oestrogen & progesterone which control menstural cycle, contain undreds of eggs
  2. Fallopian Tube
    1. Connect ovaries to womb, lined with cilla-wafts egg along to uterus
  3. Uterus
    1. (womb) muscular bag w/soft lining, where baby develops
  4. Cervix
    1. Strong ring of muscle between lower end of uterus & vagina, keeps baby in place
  5. Vagina
    1. Muscular tube leads from cervix to outside
  6. Penis
    1. Pass urine & pass semen. Made of shaft & glans, shaft=main part, glans=tip at end=small slit to release urnine/semen
  7. Urethra
    1. Tube inside penis that carries urine & semen, there's a ring of muscle that ensures the urine & semen don't mix
  8. Sperm Duct
    1. Where sperm passes through to mix with fluids that are produced by glands, fluid provides sperm cells w/nutrients. Mix of sperm & fluids=semen
  9. Testes
    1. Makes male hormone testosterone and produces sperm
  10. Scrotum
    1. Bag of skin which stores testes
2. Stages of Growth for a baby
  1. 4-5 Weeks
    1. embryo=5mm, rudimentary heart started to beat, arms & legs=buds
  2. 6-7 Weeks
    1. Embryo=8mm, limb buds=look real, heart seen beating on ultrasound
  3. 8-9 Weeks
    1. unborn baby=foetus=2cm. Toes, fingers & major internal organs starting to form,
  4. 10-14 Weeks
    1. foetus=7cm, organs complete. By 12 weeks baby=fully formed
  5. 15-22 Weeks
    1. Mother feels movement. 22w=greasy, white protective film called VERNIX CASEOSA has begun to form. Foetus covered in fine, hair=LANUGO
  6. 23-30 Weeks
    1. Covered in vernix, lanugo=dissapeared. 28w+ foetus=viable
  7. 31-40 Weeks
    1. Becomes plumper, vernix & lanugo dissapear. Foetus= settles in head-down position
3. Foods to Avoid
  1. Raw egg, unpasteurised milkl
    1. Salmonellla could cause miscarriage or premature birth
  2. Some types of fish eg swordfish
    1. High levels of mercury cause delayed development in nervous system
  3. Liver and Liver products
    1. Too much Vitamin A can cause birth defects
  4. Soft blue cheese, pate, prepared salads or ready-meals
    1. Listeria found in prepared foods which aren't heated enough, Listeriosis (from listeria) can cause msscarriage, stillbirth, meningitis, pneumonia
4. Causes of Infertility
  1. Genetics
  2. Low Sperm Count
  3. Your Hormones
  4. Disease eg Polycystic Ovary dyndrome
  5. Mutation or blockage of fallopian tubes
Areas Of Development
1. Physical
  1. Gross motor Skills
    1. The use and control of large muscles eg walking.
    2. 15 months- walks independently; walks upstairs fordwards and downstairs backwards
    3. 2 years- runs, walks on tiptoe, jumps, kicks ball (starts potty training)
  2. Fine Manipulative Skills
    1. The control and use of hands/fingers eg painting
    2. 9 months- can use finger and thumb to grasp an object (inferior pincer grasp)
  3. Motor development relates to the body
  4. Sensory development relates to sign, hearing, touch,taste and smell.
2. Intellectual
  1. The development of the mind/brain.
  2. 15 months - Palmar grasp; crayon help half way up
  3. 18 months- Primitive tripod grasp
  4. 2-3 years Tripod grasp; good pencil control
  5. Pre-lingustic
    1. From birth-12 months
      1. 6 months-echolalia (repetitive sounds)
      2. 1 Year- Holophrases (one word)
      3. Babies communicate their needs by crying
  6. Linguistic
    1. From 18 months onwards.
      1. Single words become simple, then complex sentences.
      2. 2 years- Telegraphic Speech (uses crucial words eg me want cake.
3. Emotional
  1. Newborn- uses body to express emotion
  2. 6 months- Separation anxiety begins, baby distressed if the main carer isn't there
  3. 15 months- rapid mood swings
  4. 2 years-egocentric, believes that the whole world should revolve around them.
  5. 3 Years- cares for others and can empathise, may develop fears
4. Social
  1. 12 months- understands basic commands
  2. 3 years- willing to share and likes to be with other children.
  3. 4-5 years- shares well and understands rules, less demanding of adult attention
5. Types of Play
  1. Creative; use of imagination, eg dancing
  2. Imaginative; made up games and scenarios
  3. Physcial; the body is used in an active way, riding a bike
  4. Manipulative; develops hand-eye Coordination and fine motor skills eg jigsaw.
  5. Social; helps child lean to share.

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Gcse Home Economics: Child Development

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