10. Diseases and immunity

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• as a disease causing organism

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• as a disease in which the pathogen can be passed from one host to another

1. state that the pathogen for a transmissible disease may be transmitted...
   1. through direct contact

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      • eg through blood or other body fluids
   2. indirectly

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      • eg from contaminated surfaces or food, from animals, or from the air

1. mechanical barriers

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   • limited to skin and hairs in the nose
2. chemical barriers

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   • limited to mucus and stomach acid
3. cells

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   • limited to phagocytosis and antibody production by white blood cells
4. which can be enhanced by vaccination

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• leading to direct destruction of pathogens, or marking of pathogens for destruction by phagocytes
• they provide protection to the body by attaching to the antigen on a virus or bacteria preventing movement around the body preventing entry into cells stopping division clump bacteria/virus together help phagocytes engulf bacteria/virus

1. explain how each pathogen has its own antigens

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   • which have specific shapes, so specific antibodies which fit the specific shapes of the antigens are needed

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• as defence against a pathogen by antibody production in the body

1. explain that active immunity is gained after an infection by a pathogen, or by vaccinatio
2. explain the process of vaccination

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   • -harmless pathogen given which has antigens -antigens trigger an immune response by lymphocytes which produce antibodies memory cells are produced that give long-term immunity
   1. explain the role of vaccination in controlling the spread of diseases

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• hygienic food preparation good personal hygiene waste disposal sewage treatment

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• defence against a pathogen by antibodies acquired from another individual, e.g. mother to infant

1. state that memory cells are not produced in passive immunity
2. explain the importance of passive immunity for breast-fed infants

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• targeting and destroying body cells limited to Type 1 diabetes