Kidney and Body Fluids 5

Annotations:

• Create and Maintain high interstitial osmolality in the medulla. Made up of 3 components: 1. Active Countercurrent Multplication: Outer medulla 2. Passive Countercurrent multiplication: Urea recycling, takes place in inner medulla 3.Countercurrent exchange In vasa rectae, prevents dissipation of medullary interstitial gradient.

1. Active
2. Passive
3. Countercurrent

Annotations:

• Factors include Length of the loop of Henle, % of Long loops Availabiluty of urea Rate of flow in LH Rate of flow in collecting duct Blood flow in vasa recta Loop diuretics Diseases which would affect any of the structures in medulla

Annotations:

• Known as ADH, arginine vasopressin (AVP) Its an octapeptide. produced ny nerve cells in the supraoptic a nd the paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus and near area of thirst.

1. Osmoreceptors

   Annotations:

   • Located int he lamina terminals near hypothalamus. Stimulated by plasma osmolality. A small elevation will result in a ADH release in several folds. A fall will result in cellular swelling and inhibition of ADH release.
2. Haemoreceptors

   Annotations:

   • Fall in blood volume/pressure stimulates release, detected by low pressure or high pressure baroreceptors.
3. Release

   Annotations:

   • Triggers could be cold, surgery anaestesia, haemorrhage, pain, emo, nausea, vomit. Inhibition could be ANP (atrial neutropeptide)

Annotations:

• Comes in two forms. Orthodox: Only let water in. AQP1,2,4,5,6,8 ( AQP1,2,4 are more important) Cocktails: Also known as aqua glycerol porins, they let water but also urea and other proteins and other stuff. AQP3,7,9,10

Annotations:

• Intake is thru diet. Output in sweat, faeces, urine. Urine output is regulated according to need

1. Detection

   Annotations:

   • Detected via changes in extracellular volume. Increase in Na intake will lead to subsequent increase plasma osmolality, increase in thirst and water intake. Increase in ADH release and increase water retention
   1. ECV

      Annotations:

      • Na intake is sense via effective circulating volume rather than ECFV. Related to the volume and the pressures in CVS, depends on cardiac output. Changes are detected via: Low pressure volume receptors: in the pulmonary vasculature, atria, great veins. High pressure baroreceptors in the carotid sinus, aortic arch, the juxtaglomerular apparatus. Hence the afferent mechanisms, will affect the hypothalamus, and change the efferent mechanisms i.e change sympathetic nerve activity, and change various hormones.