Psychology

Annotations:

• The scientific study of the behaviour of the mind.

1. Psychology vs Psychiatry

   Annotations:

   • Psychiatrists: - train as medical doctors - study twice as long as psychologists (13 years) -Legally permitted to prescribe medication - Unlike psychologists they cannot conduct psychological tests 
2. Types
   1. Sports

      Annotations:

      • Deals with the psychological factors that influence a person's participation in exercise & physical activity. 
   2. Clinical

      Annotations:

      • Assessment, diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders/psychological problems that affect people.
   3. Forensic

      Annotations:

      • Apply psychological theory & skills to better the understanding of the legal system.
   4. Organisational

      Annotations:

      • Uses psychology in areas of work, human resource management, training & development, marketing & advertising.
   5. Educational

      Annotations:

      • Concerned with how people develop and learn throughout their lives.
   6. Community

      Annotations:

      • Understanding people within their social worlds & environment in order to understand and improve their well being.
   7. Health

      Annotations:

      • Psychological processes that are relevant to health & illness
   8. Research

      Annotations:

      • Working in organisations conducting research that will advance out understanding of human behaviour.
3. Qualifications
   1. VCE or equivalent
      1. 2 years masters dergree
      2. 3 years doctoral dergree
      3. probationary psychologist
         1. Register with the PRBV

            Annotations:

            • (PRBV) Psychologists Registation Board of Victoria
            1. APB (optional)
4. Professional Responsibilities
   1. Competence

      Annotations:

      • psychologists should be restricted to their areas of competence.
   2. Privacy & confidentiality

      Annotations:

      • the secrecy and privacy of information exchanged in a trusting relationship between a psychologist and their client.
   3. Propriety

      Annotations:

      • ensure that psychologists do not exploit, or take advantage of, their clients, and that they treat them with dignity.
5. Scientific method
   1. Identify and research topic of interest
   2. Formulate Hypothesis
   3. Select Research method & design study
   4. Collect data
      1. Quantitative Data
      2. Qualitative Data
   5. Analyse data
   6. Draw Conclusions
   7. Report findings
6. Psychological Experiments
   1. Experimental Groups

      Annotations:

      • is the group exposed to the independent variable (experimental condition).
   2. Control Groups

      Annotations:

      • not exposed to the independent variable (control condition).
   3. Laboratory experiments

      Annotations:

      • are experiments conducted in a laboratory.
   4. Field experiments

      Annotations:

      • are experiments that are carried out in the natural environment of those being studied.
   5. Data
      1. Data collection methods
         1. Direct observation

            Annotations:

            • The participants’ behaviours are watched and recorded as objectively and precisely as possible. Instruments such as a stopwatch or video recorder may be used.
         2. Surveys

            Annotations:

            • Participants are given a series of written questions designed to obtain information about their attitudes, opinions and/or specific aspects of their behaviour.
         3. Interviews

            Annotations:

            • A face-to-face conversation is conducted to obtain information about specific aspects of participants’ attitudes, opinions and behaviour.
         4. Psychological tests

            Annotations:

            • Participants are administered a standardised test to obtain a sample of their behaviour. Tests are generally used to assess mental abilities or personality traits, for example, an IQ test.
         5. Physiological recordings

            Annotations:

            • An instrument is used to monitor and record a specific physiological process in a participant. Examples include measures of blood pressure, heart rate, muscle tension, and brain activity.
         6. The examination of archival (historical) records

            Annotations:

            • The psychologist analyses existing institutional records (archives), such as census, economic, medical, legal, educational and business records.
      2. Qualitative

         Annotations:

         • is the information collected in the course of a research study that is in non-numerical form (e.g. transcripts from interviews).
      3. Quantative

         Annotations:

         • is information collected in the course of a research study that is numerical in form.
   6. Variables
      1. Independent (IV)

         Annotations:

         • the variable in the experiment that is selected then systematically manipulated or changed in some way in order to measure its effect(s) on the dependent variable(s)
      2. Dependent (DV)

         Annotations:

         • the variable in an experiment that is used to observe and measure the effects of the independent variable
      3. Extraneous

         Annotations:

         • is any variable, other than the IV, that can cause a change in the DV and therefore affect the results of the experiment in an unwanted way.
   7. Population Sample
      1. Random

         Annotations:

         • when each member of a population has an equal chance of being selected to take part in a study or research.
      2. Representative

         Annotations:

         • is a sample that matches or accurately reflects the important characteristics of the population from which it is drawn.
      3. Biased

         Annotations:

         • is a sample that does not accurately reflect the population from which it is drawn (i.e. it is not representative).
   8. Observer Effect

      Annotations:

      • occurs when a participant’s behaviour is influenced by their knowledge of an observer’s presence.
   9. Observer Bias

      Annotations:

      • occurs when an observer allows their own expectations, previous experience, motives or other personal factors to interfere with the accuracy of their observations.
   10. Naturalistic observation

       Annotations:

       •  is a study conducted in a natural setting without any interference from the psychologist.
   11. Case study

       Annotations:

       • is a research method that involves the collection of detailed information, usually of a highly personal nature, about an individual, family or small group.
7. Ethics

1. YD Law
2. Roles
   1. Research
   2. Education
   3. Application
3. Motivation
   1. Intrinsic

      Annotations:

      • Intrinsic motivation is motivation that results from internal factors operating within an individual
   2. Extrinsic

      Annotations:

      • Relates to rewards that are external to the person
      1. Tangible

         Annotations:

         • can be held
      2. Intangible Awards

         Annotations:

         • cannot be physically held
4. Goals
   1. Long Term
   2. Short Term
   3. Tips for successful goal setting

      Annotations:

      • -achievable  -action orientated  -measurable -time-bound -written down and displayed -owned
   4. 4 steps for achieving goals

      Annotations:

      • Step 1 Goal selection  Step 2 Commitment to a plan Step 3 Review Regularly Step 4 Rewards 
5. Self Confidence

Annotations:

• is a specialised area of psychology that deals with the prevention, assessment, diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems and mental disorders.

1. Roles of a Clinical Psychologist
   1. Psychological assessment & diagnosis
      1. D.S.M (V) Diagnostic Statistical Manual
   2. Treatment
   3. Research teaching & evaluation
2. Areas of specialisation

   Annotations:

   • -adults who misuse drugs/alcohol - people who suffer from extreme nervousness/worry - children who have nightmares - adults addicted to gambling -people who have problems with sleep -parents who cannot manage their childs behaviour  -people who have lost significant amounts of weight -sexual problems -bed wetting 
   1. Where they work

      Annotations:

      • -colleges & uni's -hospitals -doctors surgeries   -defence force   -specialist clinics  - private practices
3. Psychological assessment

   Annotations:

   • in-depth measurement or evaluation of a clients Problems & concerns, abilities and/or charateristics
   1. Clinical interview
      1. Rapport

         Annotations:

         • (ra-pp-or) rapport is a sympathetic relationship or understanding between two or more people.
      2. S.O.L.E.R

         Annotations:

         • Squarely facing the client Open body language Lean towards client slightly Eye contact Relaxed & natural behaviour   
      3. Open and closed questions

         Annotations:

         • Closed-ended questions great for gathering data  eg: - how old are you?        -where do you live?   
         • Open-ended questions used to get the client to usually  "open up" about theit situation, feelings, thoughts eg: - Tell me how you spend your weekends?                                              - Tell me how you feel about school?
      4. Reflective listening & paraphrasing

         Annotations:

         • Reflective listening is when a clinical psychologist demonstrates to the client that they have heard what they said and understand their point of view.
         • Paraphrasing is the act of repeating back or restating what the client has said to check for understanding.
   2. Psychological tests
      1. MMPI-2

         Annotations:

         • The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
      2. Projective tests
         1. Rorasch Ink blot test
      3. Intelligence tests
         1. IQ evaluation

            Annotations:

            •      mental age ------------------------   × 100  chronological age 
   3. Behavioural observations
4. Clinical Case Formulation
   1. 1. Predisposing factors -sets client up for mental problems
   2. 2. Precipitating factors -tips the client over the edge
   3. 3. Perpetuating Factors -keeps the problem on going
   4. 4. Protective factors -any good/positive influences
5. Happiness psychology
6. Mental disorders

   Annotations:

   • a significant impairment of a person’s thoughts, emotions or behaviour which causes distress to themself or other people, and also affects their day-to-day functioning.
   1. Mood Disorders
      1. Depression
         1. Treatment CBT

            Annotations:

            • Cognitive Behaviour Therapy
   2. Psychotic disorders
      1. Schizophrenia
         1. Treatment medication & counselling by clinical psychology
   3. Anxiety disorders
      1. OCD
         1. Treatment Ritual prevention
      2. PTSD
         1. Treatment EDMR

            Annotations:

            • Eye movement desensitization repocessing
      3. Phobias
         1. Treatment Systematic Desenitisation