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33859828
CH 10: How Cells Divide
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Biology Mind Map on CH 10: How Cells Divide, created by dumb himbo on 11/10/2021.
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dumb himbo
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CH 10: How Cells Divide
BACTERIAL CELL DIVISION
bacteria divide by BINARY FISSION
reproduction is clonal
EUKARYOTIC CHROMOSOMES
CHROMOSOMES
made of chromatin
complex of DNA and protein
NON-DIVIDING NUCLEUS
HETEROCHROMATIN not expressed
EUCHROMATIN expressed
CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE
NUCLEOSOME
complex of DNA and histone proteins
HISTONES
positively charged, strongly attracted to negatively charged phosphate groups of DNA
promote and guide coiling DNA
Eukaryotic Cell Cycle
INTERPHASE
G1 (gap phase 1)
primary growth phase, longest phase
S (synthesis)
replication of DNA
G2 (gap phase 2)
organelles replicate, microtubules organize
DURATION
typical mammal cell around 24 hours
M PHASE
M (mitosis)
subdivided into four phases
PROPHASE
chromosomes condense, centrioles migrate to opposite ends, nuclear envelope breaks down
PROMETAPHASE
spindles attach to kinetochore of sister chromatids
METAPHASE
chromosomes align at metaphase plate
ANAPHASE
cohesion proteins removed, spindle fibers are shorter, chromosomes pulled to opposite poles
TELOPHASE
nuclear envelop reforms around each set of chromosomes, chromosomes uncoil, spindle apparatus diassembles
division of nucleus
C (cytokinesis)
separation of new cells
CANCER
uncontrolled cell division
WHY?
FAILURE IN CELL CYCLE CONTROL
TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR GENES
make proteins to stop cell cycle
"BREAK PEDAL"
P53
P53 protein monitors integrity of DNA: if it is damaged or not, if it can be repaired
if it can't be repaired
APOPTOSIS
cell is programmed to kill itself
LOSS OF FUNCTION
cells will divide without repair
then there is build up of multiple mutations
CANCER
two tumor-suppressor genes need to lose function
PROTO-ONCOGENES
tells cell cycle to go
"GAS PEDAL"
GAIN OF FUNCTION
ONCO: rapid cell divison / cancer
only one oncogene needs to have uncontrolled division
MUTATIONS CAUSE THESE GENES NOT TO WORK
CELLS PRODUCE MORE CELLS FOR GROWTH AND REPAIR
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