Does the statement at issue involve a
matter of public concern? (Assume that
all statements about public figures
involve matters of public concern
Yes
Go to Constitutional
Defamation Chart
No
Is the Statement by Defendant: Defamatory
(i.e., does it tend to adversely affect a
person's reputation)? "of or concerning" the
Plaintiff (in the view of a reasonable listener
or reader)? and "published" (i.e. has it been
intentionally or negligently communicated
to a third person?
No
No Liability for Defamation
Yes
Is the Statement
Libel or Slander Per Se
Damages are presumed;
defendant is liable for
defamation
Slander not within per se categories
If plaintiff shows special (i.e.
pecuniary) damages,
defendant is liable for
defamation