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Liberalism
Mindmap
- Core Values
- Individualism
- A belief in the importance
of an individual over any
social group
- Developed as
feudalism broke
down
- Key thinkers include: John
Locke, Thomas Jefferson,
Adam Smith and Herbert
Spencer
- Key thinkers include: John
Locke, Thomas Jefferson,
Adam Smith and Herbert
Spencer
- Developed as
feudalism broke
down
- A belief in the importance
of an individual over any
social group
- Liberty
- A relationship free from oppression
or coercion with the absence of
disabling conditions and the
fulfilment or enabling conditions
- connected with concepts of civil
liberty and human rights
- Includes thinkers
such as MacIntyre,
Kompridis and Berlin
- Includes thinkers
such as MacIntyre,
Kompridis and Berlin
- connected with concepts of civil
liberty and human rights
- A relationship free from oppression
or coercion with the absence of
disabling conditions and the
fulfilment or enabling conditions
- Reason
- Basing opinions/actions on reason
and knowledge rather than
religious belief or emotional
response
- central theme to the
enlightenment era
- brought us into the 'age of reason'
- Thinkers include: Thomas Paine,
Voltaire, John Locke
- Thinkers include: Thomas Paine,
Voltaire, John Locke
- brought us into the 'age of reason'
- central theme to the
enlightenment era
- Basing opinions/actions on reason
and knowledge rather than
religious belief or emotional
response
- Justice
- A moral standard of fairness and
impartiality where everyone has equal
worth
- includes distribution of
wealth and taxation (social justice)
- Key thinkers include: Ronald
Dwarkin, Akerman and Rawls
- Key thinkers include: Ronald
Dwarkin, Akerman and Rawls
- includes distribution of
wealth and taxation (social justice)
- A moral standard of fairness and
impartiality where everyone has equal
worth
- Toleration
- An assurance of autonomy that's
necessary for delf-developemnt and
progress of the human race
- Protects minority groups
- ' I detest what you say but I will defend to
my death your right to say it'
- Key thinker: Voltaire
- Key thinker: Voltaire
- Protects minority groups
- An assurance of autonomy that's
necessary for delf-developemnt and
progress of the human race
- Individualism
- The Liberal State
- Classical Ideas
- State should be severly limited
- Should act as a 'night-watchmen'
state, purely as protection rather
than control
- The state should be an
umpire/neutral referee
over society
- Laissez-faire economic policies
- Laissez-faire economic policies
- Should act as a 'night-watchmen'
state, purely as protection rather
than control
- Freedom can only exist
under the law as where
there is no law there is no
freedom
- State created by
individuals for individuals
- Should embody the interests
of all its citizens
- Citizens therefore are not obligated to
follow rules they do not agree with and
have a right to rebellion
- Should embody the interests
of all its citizens
- Social Contracts
- Individuals give up a portion
of their liberty in order to set
up a system of law
- Individuals give up a portion
of their liberty in order to set
up a system of law
- State should be severly limited
- Modern Ideas
- More regulation of the
economy to benefit the many
- Increase aggregate demand
through spending or taxation
- regulation was necessary as capitalist
economies became more complex
- regulation was necessary as capitalist
economies became more complex
- Increase aggregate demand
through spending or taxation
- Ideas about a welfare state
- Created more equal life
opportunities
- connections to positive
freedom 'freedom to'
- Attacking the 'five giants'
- connections to positive
freedom 'freedom to'
- Created more equal life
opportunities
- still limited
- More focus on education for
the masses and healthcare
- NHS and State education
- NHS and State education
- More regulation of the
economy to benefit the many
- Classical Ideas
- Classical Liberalism
- Egoistical individualism
- emphasises
self-interest and
self-reliance
- negative view of
the state
- negative view of
the state
- individuals are driven by
their own needs
- emphasises
self-interest and
self-reliance
- Atomisic society
- individuals are separate
and distinct atoms
- Society should be organised
for the benefit of these
individuals
- Society should be organised
for the benefit of these
individuals
- individuals are separate
and distinct atoms
- Negative
freedom
- 'Freedom from' external constraint
upon an individual so that they act in
a way they desire
- rolling back of the state
- e.g freedom of speech,
movement, taxation
- rolling back of the state
- idea expanded by Isaiah Berlin
- 'Freedom from' external constraint
upon an individual so that they act in
a way they desire
- Utilitarianism
- developed by Jeremy Bentham
- value and pleasure in protection
- promotes individualism and rationalism
- 'The greatest good for the
greatest number'
- 'The greatest good for the
greatest number'
- promotes individualism and rationalism
- value and pleasure in protection
- developed by Jeremy Bentham
- Egoistical individualism
- Modern Liberalism
- Self-realisation
- individuals obtain freedom through
beneficial social conditions
- Individuals are able to achieve their
own aspirations
- A more humane
society filled with
toleration
- A more humane
society filled with
toleration
- Individuals are able to achieve their
own aspirations
- individuals obtain freedom through
beneficial social conditions
- welfare liberlism
- emergence of
a welfare state
to create a
more equal
society
- developed by
Rawls and
Bentham
- this gave people
equality of
opportunity for
human flourishing
and self-fulfilment
- relieved
people from
the 'five giants'
- Want, squalor, ignorance, disease
and idleness
- Led to the NHS,
education system,
state housing
- implies state intervention
- implies state intervention
- Led to the NHS,
education system,
state housing
- Want, squalor, ignorance, disease
and idleness
- developed by
Rawls and
Bentham
- emergence of
a welfare state
to create a
more equal
society
- Positive freedom
- 'Freedom to'
- Freedom of autonomy, implying
personal development,
self-realisation and self-fulfilment
- people must be guided
to reach their potential
- includes a right to education,
healthcare and minimum wage
to provide maximum freedom
and equality
- could be used as a force of oppression?
- could be used as a force of oppression?
- people must be guided
to reach their potential
- Freedom of autonomy, implying
personal development,
self-realisation and self-fulfilment
- 'Freedom to'
- Self-realisation
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