Chapter 3 International Infrastructure

Annotations:

• All elements in place (public or privately owned goods) to facilitate transportation, communication and business exchange. 

1. Port infrastructure
   1. Ships
      1. Panamax ship

         Annotations:

         • Ship of maximum size that can enter the locks of the Panama Canal. (1980-x) 3000-3400 TEU Panamax Max (1985-x)3400-4500 TEU
      2. Post-Panamax Ships

         Annotations:

         • A ship whose size is too large to enter te locks of the Panama Canal. 175 containerships +10000 TEU´s (3.5% total containerships). ->Asia to Western Europe   Post Panamax (1988-x) 4000-5000 TEU Post Panamax Plus (2000-x) 6000-8000 TEU New Panamax (2014-x) 12500 TEU Post New Panamax (2006-x) 15000 TEUS Triple E (2014-x) 18000 TEU
   2. Depth of Water

      Annotations:

      • 13.5 m (40 ft)
   3. Bridge Clearance
      1. Air Draft

         Annotations:

         • The minumum amount of space between water and the lowest point on a bridge.
   4. Cranes
   5. Port Operations

      Annotations:

      • ->Schedule (The best is 24/7)
   6. Warehousing Space

      Annotations:

      • Storage area that protect them from rain and sun, floods, etc. Even refrigerated containers (power supply)
   7. Connections with Land-Based Transportation Services
      1. Rail
      2. Road
   8. Port capacity
2. Canals and Waterways Infrastructure
   1. Panama Canal

      Annotations:

      • -> Cost: 375x10^6 USD -> 5% of Worldwide Cargo trabsuts. ->Slow (maximum capacity) 22h to enter the Canal. ->New Canal: 12600 TEU ships
   2. Bosporus Strait (Turkey)

      Annotations:

      • -Black Sea-Mediterranean Sea -Russia merchandise (to the rest of the world).
   3. The Suez Canal

      Annotations:

      • Cuts Sinai Desert (not to travel around Africa)
   4. Saint Lawrence Seaway

      Annotations:

      • Great Lakes-St Lawrence River and Atlantic Ocean. Plaged by ice, closes from January to March.
   5. Corinth Canal

      Annotations:

      • Two parts of Mediterranean Sea and the Aegean Sea.
3. Airport Infrastructure
   1. Runways (pistas)

      Annotations:

      • -Type of aircraft. -Length-> Support direct flights to faraway  places. -Number of runways -> Capacity of the airport.
   2. Hours of operation

      Annotations:

      • Near cities: Cargo at night. Away cities: 24h.
   3. Warehousing space

      Annotations:

      • -Packaging  -Refrigerated warehouse space.
4. Rail Infrastructure

   Annotations:

   • Most important long-distanceland transportation.  -> Incompatible rails one country to another. -China invest a lot on railroads. -India more in roads than rail ones.
   1. Multi-Modal Emphasis

      Annotations:

      • Boxcars-> Just for trains. Piggy-back trailers->Multi-Modal (truck trailers). Double-stacked: double than single-stack because is one over the other.
   2. Land bridges
5. Road Infrastructure

   Annotations:

   • -Traffic. -Quality (Pave or not). -Signage
   1. Paved roads

      Annotations:

      • Argentina->30% USA->67% Switzerland and Germany->100%
   2. Civil Engineering Structures

      Annotations:

      • -> Bridges and tunnels for mountainous countries.
6. Warehousing Infrastructure
7. Communication Infrastructure
   1. Mail services

      Annotations:

      • -Deliver mail on time and reliably. -Safety of the mail. -Cost
   2. Telecommunication services

      Annotations:

      • +Cellular phones -Traditional line phones
   3. Internet Access

      Annotations:

      • 8.6% of WW population has access to the internet.
8. Utilities Infrastructure

   Annotations:

   • Electricity Water Sewage Gas Not directly an issue for transportation, but if it is considering operating a warehouse/corporate office.
   1. Electricity
   2. Water and sewer

      Annotations:

      • -85% of rural world population has reasonable access to clean water.  -95% of urban world population has reasonable access to clean water.  -60% of world population has acces to adequate sanitation (drenaje).
   3. Energy Pipelines

      Annotations:

      • Gas
9. Services Infrastructure
   1. Banking Infrastructure

      Annotations:

      • -Transfer funds. -Obtain foreign currency -Move documents (domestic and international) -Process consumer payments efficiently
   2. Logistics Support Infrastructure

      Annotations:

      • -Freight forwarders (agentes aduanales). -Couriers -Carriers -Delivery services -Packing services -Order fulfillment centers -Other
10. Legal and Regulatory Infrastructure
    1. Court Infrastructure

       Annotations:

       • -Settle disputes quickly and fairly (court system, mediators and arbitrators, competent lawyers, clear jurisprudence)
    2. Intellectual property Infrastructure
       1. CopyRights
       2. Patents
       3. Trademarks
11. Standars Infrastructure

    Annotations:

    • Determine the requirements that their products and operations must meet in order to be succesfull in a particular market. (metric system, etc.)