Plate Techtonics

1. Evidence from rock samples

   Annotations:

   • Rocks from the inside of Earth blasts of to the surface provide clues
2. Evidence from seismic waves

   Annotations:

   • From seismic waves we can see through the layers of earth

1. Temperature

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   • Increases as you go down into earth.
2. Pressure

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   • The deeper you go, the more pressure there is

1. Lithosphere

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   • Lithosphere is the uppermost part of the mantle and crust.
2. Lower Mantle

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   • Beneath Asthenosphere,  the lower mantle is solid.
3. Asthenosphere

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   • The softest part of the mantle, yet, if you kicked it you'd stub a toe  

Annotations:

• The layer we are on, 5-40 kilometers thick

1. Radiation

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   • Radiation means to transfer energy through space
2. Conduction

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   • Heat transfer between materials means conduction
3. Convection

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   • heat transfer by the movement of currents with a fluid

Annotations:

• the flow that transfers heat within a fluid

1. Evidence from land features

   Annotations:

   • The coal fields in Europe were the same coal fields in North America. 
2. Evidence from fossils

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   • any trace of an ancient organism that has been preserved in rock.
3. Evidence from ancient climactic zones

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   • A plant was on an island of ice so it moved farther from the equator 300 million years ago

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• Wegener did not have enough evidence at first so his hypothesis was rejected by geologists 

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• An undersea mountain chain that is part of a long system of mountains that winds beneath Earth's oceans

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• continually adds sea floor spreading to the ocean floor

1. Evidence from molten material

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   • Rocks form only when that molten material has erupted multiple times.
2. Evidence from magnetic stripes

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   • The last time Earth's magnetic poles reversed themselves was 780,000 years ago
3. Evidence from drilling samples

   Annotations:

   • Rocks from underground come to the surface through pipes

1. The process of subduction

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   • The ocean floor sinks beneath a deep-ocean trench and back into the mantle.
2. Subduction and Earth's oceans

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   • The Earth is moving farther but also closer because the Earth is connected

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• Pieces of Earth's lithosphere are in slow, constant motion, driven by convection currents in the mantle is a theory.

1. Spreading boundaries

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   • When two plates move apart
2. Colliding boundaries

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   • when two plates come together, or colliding bundary
3. Sliding boundaries

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   • A place where two plates slip past each other.
4. Plate motion over time

   Annotations:

   • All the continets spread apart over millions of years