Janice’s painful knee

Anatomy of knee joint
1. Tibiofemoral
  1. Between the tibia and femur
  2. Synovial hinge
2. Patellofemoral
  1. Between the patella and femur
  2. Synovial plane
3. Menisci
  1. Fibrocartilage present on the superior surface of tibia
  2. Medial
    1. Oval shaped
  3. Lateral
    1. Rounded
  4. 3 functions
    1. Joint stability
    2. Deepens the articular surface
    3. Shock absorption
4. Ligaments
  1. Intra-capsular
    1. ACL
      1. Prevents hyperextension of the knee
    2. PCL
      1. Prevents forward displacement of femoral condyles ( during flexion )
    3. Posterior meniscofemoral
    4. transverse ligament of the knee
  2. Extra-capsular
    1. MCL
      1. On the medial side limits abduction
      2. Injury causes Genu valgum
    2. LCL
      1. On the lateral side limits adduction
      2. Injury causes Genu varum
    3. Oblique popliteal ligament
5. Joint capsule
  1. Present on all sides except anteriorly
    1. Replaced anteriorly by
      1. Quadriceps tendon
      2. Patella
      3. Patellar ligament
Causes of knee pain
1. Pain is mostly related to aging, injury or repeated strain on the knee
  1. Knee sprains
    1. Torn or overstretched ligament
  2. Osteoarthritis
  3. Meniscal tears
    1. Caused by trauma to the knee
  4. Patellar bursitis
    1. Friction between the skin and the patella
      1. Inflammation
  5. Tendonitis
    1. Inflammation of the tendons may result from overuse of a tendon
Pathophysiology of OA
1. OA is a chronic musculoskeletal disease that frequently affects the large weight-bearing Joints
2. degenerative disease that affects the cartilage
  1. Pathologic features
    1. Disruption of the cartilage that lines the articular surface
    2. Eburnation of the subchondral bone
    3. Cyst formation in subchondral bone
    4. Osteophyte formation
Risk factors and symptoms of OA
1. Risk factors
  1. Age
  2. Gender
    1. Females are more commonly affected
  3. Obesity
  4. Hereditary
2. Symptoms
  1. Develop slowly overtime
  2. Pain
  3. Stiffness
  4. Loss of flexibility
  5. Swelling
Management of OA
1. Pharmacological
  1. Mainly targeting the pain and inflammation
    1. Paracetamol
      1. Targets pain
    2. NSAIDs
      1. Decreases pain + inflammation by inhibiting COX enzyme
2. Non-pharmacological
  1. Weight loss
  2. Physiotherapy
    1. Combination of
      1. Strengthening exercises
      2. Flexibility exercises
  3. Hydrotherapy
    1. Reduces the pressure on joints + builds strength
  4. TENS
    1. Pain relief

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Janice’s painful knee

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	Created by Mohammad Alshammari almost 3 years ago