383022
Description
Mind Map by Talentless Academic, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Talentless Academic
almost 11 years ago
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Elements of life
- Atomic Models
- 1 .John Dalton theory of
solid sphere's
- 2.JJ Thompson concluded Positively charged sphere with
negative electrons embeded Plum pudding.
- 3. Rutherford Positive nucleus , cloud
of negative electrons , empty space.
- 3.Further research (neutron-
James Chadwick)
- 4.Bohr model - Improvement Spiral down and
collapse. 4 rules Fixed frequency. Present.
- 1 .John Dalton theory of
solid sphere's
- Relative Mass.
- Relative masses are masses of atoms compared to
Carbon 12.
- Relative masses can be using a mass spectrometer.
Method is called Mass spectorscopy.
- Mass spectrometer consists of 4 stages:
Vaporisation , Ionisation , acceleration ,
detection.
- Vaporisation : sample is turned into gass using electrical heater.
- Ionisation: Gas particles are bombarded with high energy
electrons. electrons are knocked of the
particles turning them posi ions.
- Accleration: Posi ions are accelrated by an
eletric field.Given the same kinectic energy.
- Detection: Time taken to reach the detector is measured. Depends on
the ions mass and charge- light highly charged ions will reah first and
the oppisite after.
- After each sample is analysed a mass spectrum is produced.
- Mass specturm Y axis =
abundance X axis =
Mass charge ratio.
- Mass specturm Y axis =
abundance X axis =
Mass charge ratio.
- Vaporisation : sample is turned into gass using electrical heater.
- Mass spectrometer consists of 4 stages:
Vaporisation , Ionisation , acceleration ,
detection.
- Mass spectrometry can be used to find Mr. But
bombarding molecules with electrons causes them to
break into fragments .This will show on the MS making
a fragmentation pattern. These can be used to indentify
molecules and their structure.
- Relative masses are masses of atoms compared to
Carbon 12.
- Nuclear Radiation.
- Alpha - Strong ionising ability -
slight deflection in electric field.
- Beta-Moderate ionising ability - large
deflection in electric field.
- Radioactive dating.
- Invovles measuring how much a Particular
carbon there is in plant remains ect.
- All living things have the same % of C14 But as they die
tthe % begins to decrease as C14 decays. Less % older
it must be. Approx age.
- Invovles measuring how much a Particular
carbon there is in plant remains ect.
- Alpha - Strong ionising ability -
slight deflection in electric field.
- Shell's & Atomic Spectra
- Shell 3-Max 18 electrons Shell 4-Max 32
electrons
- 3&4shells overlap. even if the 3rd
shell isnt full electrons go on 4th
shell. then it goes back to filling 4th
Shell.
- 3&4shells overlap. even if the 3rd
shell isnt full electrons go on 4th
shell. then it goes back to filling 4th
Shell.
- Energy is related to frequency: when an electron absprbs or emmits ER
with certain Freqeunces the amount of energy emiited or absorbed is
related to the frequency by ^e=hv
- Always frequency X planks constant for energy!
- Shell 3-Max 18 electrons Shell 4-Max 32
electrons
- Bonding.
- Ionic
- Between metal
and non-metal.
- Ionic compounds.
- Conduct electricity when
molten or dissolved but not
when solid.
- ions in liquid are free to move but
in solid they are fixed by
strong ionic bonds.
- ions in liquid are free to move but
in solid they are fixed by
strong ionic bonds.
- High boiling and
melting points.
- Strong electrostatic
forces. Takes a lot of
energy.
- Strong electrostatic
forces. Takes a lot of
energy.
- Often dissolve in water.
- Water is polar pull away ions away from
lattice with their poistive and negative
ends.
- Water is polar pull away ions away from
lattice with their poistive and negative
ends.
- Conduct electricity when
molten or dissolved but not
when solid.
- Between metal
and non-metal.
- Covalent
- between to non-metals.
- Dative is where both
electrons come from one
atom
- Fairly low boiling points. no
giant strcuture
- Dont conduct Ele no charge
carriers
- Insoluble polar are vain so leave them
alone.
- between to non-metals.
- Metallic
- Two metals.
- High melting point strong
metallic bonding
- Thermal conductors free ele
- insoluble strong metallic bonds.
- Two metals.
- Ionic
- Shapes of molecues.
- Electrons repeal each other
as far as possible creating
angles and shapes.
- 2 Pairs = 180=linear
- 3pairs-No lone = 120 =Trigonal planar
- 3 pairs 1 lone = 120 = bent
- 4pairs=109=tetrahedral
- 4pairs 1 lone=109=trigonal pyramidal
- 5pairs-120/90=trigonal bipyramidal
- 6pairs=90=octahedral
- 6pairs=90=octahedral
- 5pairs-120/90=trigonal bipyramidal
- 4pairs 1 lone=109=trigonal pyramidal
- 4pairs=109=tetrahedral
- 3 pairs 1 lone = 120 = bent
- 3pairs-No lone = 120 =Trigonal planar
- 2 Pairs = 180=linear
- Electrons repeal each other
as far as possible creating
angles and shapes.
- Group 2
- Soulubility of hydroxide increases down the group.
- carbonate soulubilty decreases
as you go down the group.
- Soulubility of hydroxide increases down the group.
- Periodic Table.
- Pattern's
- simple molecular
- MP Depends on
intermolecular forces.
- MP Depends on
intermolecular forces.
- Giant covalent
strcuture
- Gaint cocalent
highest melting eg Si
and carbon
- Gaint cocalent
highest melting eg Si
and carbon
- Metals melting and
boiling points
increase across.
- due to increase number of
electrons decreasing radius higher
denisity.
- due to increase number of
electrons decreasing radius higher
denisity.
- simple molecular
- Pattern's
- 6.02x10^23 avogardo's constant.
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