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3880411
Chapter 2: MCU Archi and Embed C
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mind map for ict2104 chapter 2
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ict2104
chapter 2
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uni
uni year 2
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Meixi Lim
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Meixi Lim
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Chapter 2: MCU Archi and Embed C
Von Neumann Architecture
Stored program computer
Stores program data and instructions data in the same memory (RAM)
CPU / Processor: Central Processing Unit
Memory: Stores data and program
I/O / Peripherals: For CPU to interface to external world.
Address bus: Determine which location
Data Bus: Determine the data size
Control Bus: Determine the type of instruction (read / write)
I/O and Interfacing with Externals
Connection
Loosely Coupled: For external interface
via external bus
via network
via port
Tightly Coupled: For internal interface
via fast internal bus
Data Transfer
Serial
Transmit data bit by bit
Requires at least 2 wires to support bidirectional communcation
Low speed but is the standard for external interface
Parallel
Transmit data multiple bits at a time
Require multiple interconnections and additional synchronization mechanism
Fast but limited to short distance, mostly used for internal interfacing
OS
Multitasking: Perform more than one task
Multithreading: Different parts of same program executed simultaneously
Multiprocessing: Work appears to be simultaneous because of speed of proceesor
CPU Speed: Measure of number of instructions CPU can carry out per second
2.5GHz CPU: 2.5 billion cycles / second
Microcontroller Selection
Key Selection Criteria
CPU computation requirements
Number of I/O available
Support in terms of tools and software libraries availability
Cost
MCU Manufacturer
Power Consumption
Memory Options
Types: Masked, EEPROM, Flash, RAM, FRAM
Size: Can have a wide range
Internal Peripherals
MSP430
CPU Block Diagram
PC: Address of next instruction to be executed
SP (20 bit): Points to RAM reserve to store program context so that it can return after subroutine / interrupt processing.
SR: Contains a set of flags (C, Z, N, V), GIE and MCU mode selection bits
Constant Generator: 6 most frequently used values
General purpose registers: 12
Key Features
Ultra Low Power
Increased Performance
Innovative Features
16-bit RISC computer based on Von Neumann architecture
Memory: Sequential list of addressable storage elements
Program / Instruction: A sequence of instructions
Not possible to differentiate instruction and data
Data: Values instructions operate on
Embedded C
Identifiers
const: Constant; stored in program section memory
extern: To make reference to variables declared elsewhere
static: Preserves the variable even after function/block
volatile: To allow changes of variable by an event outside program i.e. ADC
Directives
include: to include a file as part of source code
define: substitute a name by corresponding expression
pragma: compiler specific directive; instructs compiler to use implementation dependent features
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