3925755
Description
Mind Map by annie garratt, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by annie garratt
about 9 years ago
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B5a - Skeletons
- Types of skeletons
- Internal
- Features: Grows
with the rest of the
body, flexible as
there are lots of
joints, organs are
protected
- Examples of
organisms: humans,
tigers, penguins,
crocodiles
- Advantages:
provides internal
framework for the
body, flexible due to
joints
- Disadvantages:
takes a long time to
regrow broken
bones
- Features: Grows
with the rest of the
body, flexible as
there are lots of
joints, organs are
protected
- External
- Features: contains
a material called
chitin.
- Examples of
organisms:
arachnids, myria
pods
- Advantages: Can be
regrown quickly
compared to
internal bones
- Disadvantages:
need to shed their
exoskeletons when
they grow
- Features: contains
a material called
chitin.
- Internal skeletonshave many
advanatges over external skeletons: It
provides an internal framework for the
body, grows with the rest of the body, is
flexible due to the many joints and it
allows easy attachment of muscles
- Endo over Exo
- Endo over Exo
- Internal
- Bones and cartilage
- Cartilage and bone are living tissues
containing living cells, this means
they can be infected by bacteria and
viruses. However they are able to
grow and repair themselves.
- A long bone contains of a long shaft
containing bone marrow with blood
vessels. At each end there is a head
covered with cartilage. Long bones are
hollow, so they are stronger and lighter
than solid bones.
- At birth the human skeleton is
made of cartilage. Ossification is
the proccess of slowly replacing
the cartilage by bone. If some
cartilage remains between the
head and shaft - the bone is still
growing.
- In an accident it can be
dangerous to move a person
with a suspected bone fracture.
Broken vertebrae in the
backbone can damage the
spinal cord, resulting in
paralysis or death.
- Fractures
- Even though bones are very strong they
can easily be broken by a sharp knock.
The bones of elderly people can lack
calcium and phosphorus which often
results in osteoporosis making them
prone to fracture.
- There are threee types of
fracture: simple (straight break),
compound (comes out of skin)
and greenstick (bone not
completely broken).
- Even though bones are very strong they
can easily be broken by a sharp knock.
The bones of elderly people can lack
calcium and phosphorus which often
results in osteoporosis making them
prone to fracture.
- Cartilage and bone are living tissues
containing living cells, this means
they can be infected by bacteria and
viruses. However they are able to
grow and repair themselves.
- Joints and Joint Replacement
- A joint is where two or more bones
meet and muscles act together to
cause movement
- Antagonistic pairs - muscles
working together, as one
contracts another relaxes.
- The forearm is raised and lowered
by antagonistic muscles - the
biceps and triceps. To raise the
biceps contract&triceps relax and
vice versa.
- This is an example of a
lever, with the elbow
acting as a pivot.
- This is an example of a
lever, with the elbow
acting as a pivot.
- The forearm is raised and lowered
by antagonistic muscles - the
biceps and triceps. To raise the
biceps contract&triceps relax and
vice versa.
- Coral and liquid bones can be
used as joint replacements
however artifical substances are
at risk of not being accpeted by
the immune system.
- Advantages - it allows patients to live more independantly,
improves their quality of life, accidental injuries and
amputations can be avoided and there is no worry about
rejection.
- Advantages - it allows patients to live more independantly,
improves their quality of life, accidental injuries and
amputations can be avoided and there is no worry about
rejection.
- Synovial joints, such as ball
and socket joints and hinge
joints, contain synovial fluid,
a synovial membrane,
ligaments and cartilage.
- Each part of the synovial joint has a special
function: the synovial fluis acts as a cushion against
shock and a lubricant for easy movement. A
synovial membrane holds in the fluid. The cartilage
protects protexts the bone head. The ligaments
hold the bones in place.
- Each part of the synovial joint has a special
function: the synovial fluis acts as a cushion against
shock and a lubricant for easy movement. A
synovial membrane holds in the fluid. The cartilage
protects protexts the bone head. The ligaments
hold the bones in place.
- A ball and socket joint has
a wider range of movement
than a hinge joint ( these
can only go up-and-down)
- A joint is where two or more bones
meet and muscles act together to
cause movement
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