Macromolecules

Description

Macromolecules
Julia Castellani
Mind Map by Julia Castellani, updated more than 1 year ago
Julia Castellani
Created by Julia Castellani about 9 years ago
207
5

Resource summary

Macromolecules
  1. Carbohydrates (major energy source)
    1. Monomers (Simple)
      1. Monosaccharides (C6H12O6)

        Annotations:

        • -5 (pentose) or 6 (hexose) carbons
        1. Glucose
          1. Fructose

            Annotations:

            • 2 of carbons are outside of ring
            1. Galactose
            2. Disaccharides (double sugars)

              Annotations:

              • molecules joined by condensation reactions (a water molecule is lost)
              1. Maltose (glucose + glucose)

                Annotations:

                • -alpha 1-4 linkages -formed by a condensation reaction (lose a water molecule)
                1. Sucrose (glucose + fructose)

                  Annotations:

                  • -a.k.a table sugar -most comes from beets
                  1. Lactose (galactose + glucose)

                    Annotations:

                    • -milk sugar
                2. Polysaccharides (Complex)

                  Annotations:

                  • multiple mono/disaccharides join
                  1. Storage Polysaccharides
                    1. Starch (plants)

                      Annotations:

                      • -Insoluble -alpha 1-4 linkages
                      1. Amylose (unbranched)
                        1. Amylopectin (branched)
                        2. Glycogen (animals)

                          Annotations:

                          • -insoluble; more branches than amylopectin -stored in liver and muscle tissue (skeletal) -alpha 1-4 + 1-6 linkages
                        3. Structural Polysaccharides
                          1. Cellulose (fibre)

                            Annotations:

                            • -linear, unbranched -forms fibrils which reinforce plant cell walls -cannot be digested by animals
                            1. Chitin

                              Annotations:

                              • -polymer of an amino sugar -makes up exoskeletons -chitin + calcium = hard -semi conductor under certain conditions
                        4. Proteins (Polypeptides)

                          Annotations:

                          • -50% of dry weight of cells -"molecular tools" -NATIVE CONFORMATION is the shape in which a protein functions best    -assisted by chaperone proteins -proteins can be DENATURED (unfold and become non-functional) by changes in temp, pH, or salt concentration 
                          1. Primary Structure (DNA blueprint)

                            Annotations:

                            • -sequence of amino acids -determined by a single gene -peptide bonds
                            1. Secondary Structure (regular, repeated backbone folding)
                              1. Alpha Helix (H-bonds b/w every 4th peptide bond)
                                1. Beta Pleated Sheet (H-bonds b/w polypeptide chains)
                                2. Tertiary Structure (irregular folding of a polypeptide via R-group interactions)

                                  Annotations:

                                  • -R-group (side chain) interactions -"Globular proteins" b/c chape is irregular and globular
                                  1. H-bonds
                                    1. Ionic bonds
                                      1. disulfide bridge (covalent)
                                        1. Hydrophobic
                                        2. Quaternary Structure (multiple polypeptides)

                                          Annotations:

                                          • -weak interactions/disulfide bridges (eg -s-s-) -each polypeptide chain is a SUBUNIT of the protein
                                        3. Enzymes (catalysts)

                                          Annotations:

                                          • -reduce activation energy required for a reaction to occur
                                          1. Thermodynamic Laws

                                            Annotations:

                                            • 1. total amt of energy in the universe is constant 2. Disorder (entropy) in the universe is always increasing
                                            1. Activation Energy

                                              Annotations:

                                              • amount of energy required to start a reaction
                                              1. Lock and Key Theory

                                                Annotations:

                                                • -one enzyme (loc) has a specific shape for one set of substrates (key)
                                                1. Induced-Fit Theory

                                                  Annotations:

                                                  • -shape of the active site changes somewhat after substrate(s) bind to it
                                                  1. Competitive Inhibition

                                                    Annotations:

                                                    • -"look-alike" molecule binds to active site -enzyme unable to bind with substrate -enzymes inactivated
                                                    1. Penicillin

                                                      Annotations:

                                                      • kills succeptible bacteria by inhibiting the enzyme that catalyzes the final step in cell wall biosynthesis
                                                      1. ACE Inhibitors

                                                        Annotations:

                                                        • Inhibit enzymes that make angiotensin II hormone (constricts blood vessels)
                                                        1. Ethanol

                                                          Annotations:

                                                          • antidote for methanol poisoning
                                                          1. Grapefruit

                                                            Annotations:

                                                            • Inhibit a drug-metabolizing enzyme in the small intestine
                                                          2. Non-Competitive Inhibition

                                                            Annotations:

                                                            • Molecules bind to a site adjacent to active cite and change the shape of the active site
                                                            1. Eg) Heavy metals
                                                            2. Allosteric Regulation

                                                              Annotations:

                                                              • Molecules bind to a site AWAY from active site
                                                              1. Allosteric activation
                                                                1. Allosteric deactivation
                                                                  1. Co-enzyme (vitamin aiding enzyme's action)
                                                                    1. Co-factor (mineral aiding enzyme's action
                                                                  2. Lipids (Energy and Structure)

                                                                    Annotations:

                                                                    • -C, O, H (no ratio) -hydrophobic
                                                                    1. Fats and Oils

                                                                      Annotations:

                                                                      • *Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acid chains *joined by ester linkages
                                                                      1. Saturated Fatty Acids

                                                                        Annotations:

                                                                        • -solid at room temp *Every carbon bond holds a Hydrogen -eg) animal fats
                                                                        1. Unsaturated Fatty Acids

                                                                          Annotations:

                                                                          • -liquid at room temp *Some double bonds (more double bonds = healthier)
                                                                          1. Monounsaturated (1 double bond)
                                                                            1. Polyunsaturated (more than 1 double bond)
                                                                              1. Cis isomer (H's on same side)
                                                                                1. Trans isomer (H's on opposite side)
                                                                              2. Phospholipids

                                                                                Annotations:

                                                                                • -fat derivitives -important in cell membranes *AMPHIPATHIC (hydrophobic + hydrophillic regions)
                                                                                1. Hydrophilic head
                                                                                  1. Hydrophobic tails

                                                                                    Annotations:

                                                                                    • -2 fatty acid chains
                                                                                  2. Sterols

                                                                                    Annotations:

                                                                                    • -flat ring structure of carbons
                                                                                    1. Cholesterol (most common)

                                                                                      Annotations:

                                                                                      • -found in cell membranes -makes membranes less permeable
                                                                                      1. High-density Lipoprotein (good)
                                                                                        1. Low-Density Lipoprotein (bad)
                                                                                    2. Nucleic Acids / Polynucleotides (Structure, Functional)

                                                                                      Annotations:

                                                                                      • -in nucleus and mitochondria -polymers of nucleotides
                                                                                      1. Nucleotides
                                                                                        1. Consists of:
                                                                                          1. a nitrogen base
                                                                                            1. Pyrimidines (single ring)
                                                                                              1. Thymine (DNA) / Uracil (RNA)
                                                                                                1. Cytosine (DNA & RNA)
                                                                                                2. Purines (double ring)
                                                                                                  1. Adenine (DNA & RNA)
                                                                                                    1. Guanine (DNA & RNA)
                                                                                                  2. a 5-carbon sugar
                                                                                                    1. Deoxyribose (DNA)
                                                                                                      1. Ribose (RNA)
                                                                                                      2. a phosphate group
                                                                                                      3. 2 types
                                                                                                        1. Deoxyribonucleic Acid

                                                                                                          Annotations:

                                                                                                          • -Chemical basis for the gene -found in nuclei of cells
                                                                                                          1. Ribonucleic Acid

                                                                                                            Annotations:

                                                                                                            • -close copies of genes -found in cytoplasm
                                                                                                      Show full summary Hide full summary

                                                                                                      Similar

                                                                                                      CARBOHYDRATES & SUGARS
                                                                                                      Eleanor H
                                                                                                      MCAT Bio: Enzymes
                                                                                                      Mike Nervo
                                                                                                      Carbohydrates
                                                                                                      Julia Romanów
                                                                                                      Biological Definitions
                                                                                                      Yamminnnn
                                                                                                      Enzymes and Respiration
                                                                                                      I Turner
                                                                                                      GCSE AQA Biology - Unit 2
                                                                                                      James Jolliffe
                                                                                                      GCSE Biology AQA
                                                                                                      isabellabeaumont
                                                                                                      AQA Biology 8.1 structure of DNA
                                                                                                      Charlotte Hewson
                                                                                                      GCSE Biology B2 (OCR)
                                                                                                      Usman Rauf
                                                                                                      Cell Transport
                                                                                                      Elena Cade
                                                                                                      Function and Structure of DNA
                                                                                                      Elena Cade