Identity: how your
identity is shown in
society, and seen by
others
Ethnicity
Shared cultural
characteristics such as
religion, language and
lifestyle.
Ghumann
tradition, religion and family values played
an important part in the upbringing of
second-generation Asians in the UK.
Winston James
experience of racism unified
identities of African-Caribbeans
their unified culture adopted
the label "black" to prevent
racism in the UK
Hewitt
attempts of ethnic equality had been met
with anger from the white community, who
view it as 'unfair'.
changing ethnic identities
Modood- found a number of generational differences over the
issue of identity, suggesting that second-generation ethnic
minorities from both African-Caribbean and Asian backgrounds
felt much more British than their parents, while still seeing their
ethnic origin as a key part of their ethnic identity.
national identity
National identity is often
expressed through supporting
your national team in sport, but
also through pride in the anthem
and flag, and through language.
changing national
indentities
Britain, having lost its empire
and feeling very small in a
global world, is unsure about
whether it should become
more American or more
European.
Feminism
supporting equality of all
females;ethnicity should not divide them
Marxism
conflict between people due to
ethnicity is needed, when there
is equality
Functionalism
society benefits all of any
ethnicity
Postmodernism
equality is slowly improving
labelling theory
Western cultures may
label those with an
ethnicity they
"disagree with"
impression
management
In communities of multiple ethnicities, many would keep to themselves
looking glass self
ethnic minorities would interact with others of
different ethnicities often in society
Gender
fluid and
changing
social
construct
Marxism
popular and mass culture distract society from gender
inequality
conflict theory
gender inequality is necessary
Functionalism
Parsons
females have an 'expressive role'
males have an instrumental role (breadwinner, protector etc)
society benefits everyone in different ways
Feminists
gender identity is socially constructed by patriarchal society.
stereotypes
Mac an Ghaill
explores how boys learn to be men in their
peer groups, policing their own and others'
sexuality.
3 F's: football, fighting, f**king
secondary socialisation can be
harmful to women; cause body
image issues
Oakely
manipulation
canalisation
verbal appellation
different
activities
Denscombe
There has been an increase in female risk
taking behaviour for example, smoking,
drinking etc.
laddettes
Connell
Hegemonic masculinity is the most
common type of masculinity and is
reinforced most strongly.
subordinate masculinity
marginalised
masculinity
The crisis of masculinity
loss of the
breadwinner
identity
women working
more and earning
an income
created to set labels, norms and
values to a person because of their
biology or sex.
Gender roles
Postmodernism
norms and values in
gender are always
changing
gender diversity is becoming visible;
altering modern days gender roles
labelling theory
gender roles are to be followed
rejecting such roles can allow negative labelling for both genders
impression management
people are convinced that they must put on a persona to be
accepted into society
looking glass self
women are persuaded by agencies of socialisation that they must appeal in
a certain way
Social Class
a group who share a similar
economic and social situation
Bourdieu
cultural capital
knowledge, attitudes, skills, education snd advantages to gain a higher status
economic capital
cash, assets
social capital
group membership, relationships, networks
Mackintosh and Mooney
A key feature of the upper class is their invisibility
social closure
may send children to boarding school etc
Middle class
professional or managerial careers
university educated
own house
working class
manual workers
Skeggs
working class
women felt
humiliated by the
ways others judged
and dismissed
them
under class
people usually on benefits
Murray
over generous benefits encourage some people to
develop a culture, or set of norms and values in which
they do not take responsibility for their own actions.
changing class identities
Offe
we are all able to create our own identities
regardless of the social class of our families
and the particular level of qualifications or job
we may have at any one time.
social class background remains the most
significant indicator of outcomes such as
education, health and life expectancy.
Feminism
gender inequality; women earn less power than men
Marxism
conflict between social classes caused by power
society benefits rich and powerful;
this would mean the upper class is
benefitted most
Functionalism
society benefits everyone of all social classes
Postmodernism
modern life does not focus greatly on class status
as diversity increases in how to gain wealth and income, the class system is dismissed.
labelling theory
social class is labelled by one's wealth and occupation.
If a change in wealth and/or occupation occurs, they would be labelled differently.
impression management
those who are considered upper class would be expected to act a certain way
looking glass self
some people are comfortable in their social classes, whereas some
think about how they are perceived.
sexuality
a label given due to who,
on a category of gender,
one would find sexually or
romantically.
The 'norm' in society would
be hetrosexual, but recently
society has become more
accepting of homosexuality
and bisexuality.
Feminism
heteronormativity is still the 'norm'
women are sexualised for men in
the media
Marxism
society is distracted
by popular culture;
distracts from
issues with
non-hetrosexual
individuals.
Functionalism
the traditional nuclear
family is believed to be
best
Postmodernism
heteronormativity is
breaking down; more
rights to
non-heterosexual
individuals
media starts
normalising homosexual
relationships
labelling theory
due to
heteronormativity,
people who are "out"
as non- heterosexual
are given the label of
their orientation
impression management
many homosexual individuals would
either conform to their social stereotypes
or hide them if they relate to such
looking glass self
young individuals would examine
how everyone uses
sexuality-relevant labels such as
'gay', and view themselves with
that meaning.
Weeks
"sexual identification is a strange thing"
Rich
Women's sexuality is oppressed by the patriarchy
McIntosh
claiming that homosexual
men fill a "homosexual
role" in Western cultures
Age
relates to
chronology
stages, such as
childhood and
adulthood, in a
person's lifetime.
Feminism
women are judged by factors such as age
Marxism
ageist conflict is necessary along with togetherness
Functionalism
age has no matter on social benefits
Postmodernism
more children are being taken seriously
younger people are taking over
labelling theory
youth tend to break away from expectations by older generations
impression management
young people
act respectful,
civil in public;
possibly as a
front
looking glass self
children
and young
people
would look
up to older
people in
their lives
Postman
the creation of the "innocent child"
Bradley
middle age has
a higher status
in society than
youth and old
age