Human Memory

3 Basic Processes
1. Encoding
  1. How memories are formed
  2. Three levels of Processing
    1. 3) Semantic encoding : deep processing
      1. You learn the meaning so you have to think about it.
    2. 2) Phonemic encoding : intermediate processing
      1. Saying word silently or aloud
    3. 1) Structural encoding : Shallow processing
      1. Words flashed on a screen and you may recall in capital letters or length of the word
2. Storage
  1. How memories are kept over time
3. Retrieval
  1. How memories are recovered and translated into performance
  2. Context Cue
    1. Information about a word that helps one understand the words meaning
Short Term Memory
1. Limited capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed information for up to 20 seconds
2. Capacity
  1. George Miller (1956) Number of items that can be recalled from short-term memory, in order, on half of the tested memory trials is about 7 plus or minus 2 memories
Long Term Memory
1. Unlimited capacity store that can hold information for days, weeks, or years.
  1. Can be permanent ( your name )
Flashbulb Memories
1. Vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events that become "burned in"
2. Recent research shows that they may not be permanent or accurate
3. Rather like other memories, they become less detailed and accurate with time. They are special because people are influenced by emotion and are more attached to these memories
Conceptual Hierarchies
1. Schemas
  1. An organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or event which we understand from previous experience
2. Semantic Networks
  1. Nodes represent concepts are joined to related concepts
3. Multilevel classification system
Forgetting
1. Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve
  1. It graphs retention, concluded that forgetting occurs right after learning. Unless it is something meaningful
  2. Three Measures of Retention
    1. 1) Recall
      1. Requires subjects to reproduce information in their own without any cues
    2. 2) Recognition
      1. Requires the subject to select previously learned information from a number of options
    3. 3) Relearning
      1. Requires a subject to memorize information a second time to determine how much time or effort is saved by having learned it before
2. Ineffective Coding
  1. Thinking that one has forgotten something but it really has never been remembered. This is called pseudoforgetting and it usually happens due to lack of attention
Seven Sins of Memory
1. Transcience
  1. General deterioration of memory over time
2. Absent-mindedness
  1. Attention and memory interface
3. Misattribution
  1. Correct information, incorrect information about the source
4. Bias
  1. Emotions and perspective can distort information of past events
5. Suggestibility
  1. Acceptance of false informtaion
6. Persistence
  1. Unwanted recall of information
7. Blocking
  1. Brain tries to receive information but another memory intereferes
Implicit memory
1. Explicit Memory
  1. Intentionally remembering something may be handled by different memory systems because explicit memory, but not memory is affected by amnesia, age, alcohl, and intereference
2. Remembering something you did not intend to memorize
Episodic Memory
1. Semantic Memory
  1. General facts
2. personal facts and experiences
Prospective memory
1. Retrospective Memory
  1. Refers to remembering past events or facts
2. Refers to recalling something you must do in the future
Improve Memory
1. Mnemonic Systems
  1. Verbal Mnemonic devices
    1. Rehearsal
      1. Repeating words over and over or thinking about information
    2. Rhyme
      1. Thirty days hath September
    3. Narrative Method
      1. Make a story or a song
  2. Visual Mnemonic devices
    1. Visual Imagery
      1. Creating mental picturess to represent the information you want to remember
    2. Chunking
      1. Storing information into meaningful or familiar units
    3. Method od Loci
      1. Associate items to be remembered with specific locations
Declarative Memory
1. Handles factual information like definitions of words, math concepts, faces, dates.
  1. Likely handled by the medial temporal lobe and parts of the cortex it communicates with
Procedural Memory
1. Memory for actions, skills and conditioned responses. May be related to implicit memory.
  1. Typing , riding a bike
  2. It is not conscious much like implicit memory is.

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Human Memory

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	Created by Aiyana Reeves about 9 years ago