Draws attention to the exploitive conditions endured by poor immigrant workers
commentary on the middle-classes
The "Great Gulf" that exists between classes
Divided Time
Class
race
Gender
The worker works in hell, but has a soul and is as worthy of redemption as "you" the middle class reader
Appeal to the middle class readers
Higher literacy levels
Amy Kaplan: "A
strategy for
imagining and
managing the
threats of social
change"
Reaction against Romanticism
Hawthorne
The Social Novel
Tone
Matter-of-fact
Narrator's use of "you"
"I want you to
hide your
disgust...come
right down with
me- here, into the
thickest of the
fog, mud and foul
effluvia"
Satiric
Comical
Natural Vernacular
Realism?
Realistic, banal activities
Verisimiltude
Period from the Civil War to the turn of the century
1860-1890s
Harmon and Holman:
"Where romantics
transcend the immediate
to find the idea;, and the
naturalists plumb the
actual or superficial to
find the scientific laws
that control its actions,
realists center their
attention to a
remarkable degree on
the immediate, the here
and now, the scientific
action and the verifiable
consequence"
Emphasis on
weather
"A cloudy day"
"the air is
thick, clammy
with the
breath of
human
beings"
Setting - descriptive
Characters> Plot/Action
Sensual
Industrialization
Heard before it's seen
"like thunder
from a
thousand
engines"
Hugh: Laborer - Sculpter
Welsh Immigrant
Hugh is a man who believes he can
alter his existence; his position is
not merely hereditary and
transformation can be realised
through social integration