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4253584
Natural Disasters
Description
GCSE Geography (Natural Disasters) Mind Map on Natural Disasters, created by Isobel Lugg on 26/12/2015.
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gcse geography
natural disasters
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natural disasters
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Mind Map by
Isobel Lugg
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Isobel Lugg
about 9 years ago
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Resource summary
Natural Disasters
Annotations:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/geography/natural_hazards/
Tectonic
Earthquakes
Caused by tension between tectonic plates suddenly releasing
THE FOCUS is the exact point where the earthquake occurs, where the energy is released between plates
THE EPICENTRE is the point directly above the FOCUS which is usually the area most affected
SEISMIC WAVES are waves of kinetic energy released from the FOCUS that cause destruction.
Measured with SEISMOGRAPHS
AFTERSHOCKS occur as smaller releases of energy following a bigger earthquake, they can still cause severe damage.
Measured on the RICHTER SCALE
Severity is rated on a scale of 1 to 10
Each scale is ten times more in MAGNITUDE that the previous
CASE STUDIES
JAPAN 2011
Occured on Friday the 11th of March 2011
MAGNITUDE 9.0 on the RICHTER SCALE
15,893 deaths
PRIMARY EFFECTS
Infrastructure damaged
Buildings damaged and burning
Trains damaged
Oil refinery caught fire
Fukushima nuclear power plant disaster
Partial core meltdown
Explosion damage
Reactors overheating
Second biggest nuclear disaster after Chernobyl
Over 15,000 dead
Over 6,000 injured
SECONDARY EFFECTS
Tsunami
Devastated the coast
Infrastructure severely damaged
Economic damage
Towns destroyed
People homeless
10 metres high
Killed many people
Affected all of the Pacific Rim
Power cut off
Dirty water
Diseases spread
Strain on already overwhelmed hospitals
Aftershocks
£189 billion to recover
MEDC
Japan used to earthquakes
RESPONSES
Citizens calm
Used to earthquakes
Mobile device warning system
$1.1 million raised
Emergency services acted quickly
Everyone was efficient
Reserve energy used
HAITI 2010
Annotations:
https://handygeography.wordpress.com/gcse/the-restless-earth-revision-materials/earthquake-case-study-haiti-poor/
Facts & Statistics
MAGNITUDE 7.0
Occurred on January 12th 2010
Estimated 160,000 dead
Epicentre near Port-au-Prince
Capital city
Haiti poorest country in the Western Hemisphere
£9 billion cost
LEDC
PRIMARY EFFECTS
Landmarks destroyed
Tourism affected
160,000 dead
3 million people affected
280,000 buildings damaged
Infrastructure damaged
Transport links
Communication
Hospitals and schools
Prison
50,000 inmates escaped
SECONDARY EFFECTS
20% of people lost their job
Economy damaged
Dead bodies everywhere
Disease
Cholera
Poor management lead to many people without aid
Violence
Crime
Thousands of people displaced from homes
Homelessness
Shanty towns
Can't afford new homes
REPONSES
Charity
"Hats for Haiti"
$3.5 billion raised
$430 million donated from the EU and USA
4.3 people provided with food rations within weeks
Poor management
Temporary schools
Causes
North American Plate sliding past the Caribbean Plate at a conservative plate boundary
Volcanoes
Formed when MAGMA reaches the Earth's surface
Usually over tectonic plate boundaries
Mid-Atlantic ridge
CASE STUDIES
NEVADA DEL RUIZ 1985
Annotations:
http://www.slideshare.net/Ruth1618/nevado-del-ruiz-case-study http://www.slideshare.net/thepack001/nevado-del-ruiz-volcano-case-study
LEDC
Aid and support inefficient
Erupted on the 13th of November 1985
Columbia, South America
Lies within the Pacific rim of fire
Causes
Ice cap melted, creating LAHARS
Build up of pressure in the magma chamber after 100 years of inactivity
The town of Armero was completely buried in ash
Towns affected were originally built in valleys
Pyroclastic flows and lahars easily flowed through
On top of a destructive plate boundary between the South American and Nazca plate
20,000 dead
PRIMARY EFFECTS
Infrastructure damaged
Schools
Hospitals
Lahars kills 70% of Armero's population
People died from toxic gases
SECONDARY EFFECTS
Area isolated
Aid inaccessible
Lack of clean water
Disease spreading
Land more fertile
8,000 made homeless
Cost $7.7 billion in damage
That was 20% of Columbia's GDP
RESPONSES
Columbian Red Cross provided aid
Military provided helicoptors
Vaccines to prevent illness were distributed
Foreign aid works sent in
Doctors from Japan
Supplies from France and the USA sent in
Worldwide television broadcasted the story of Omayra Sanchez
A girl who's legs were trapped in mud and died after three days of agony
Met with a lot of sympathy
MT ETNA 2002
Location and Background
Mt. Etna is already a famously active volcano
Located on the isle of Sicily, off the coast of Italy
MEDC
Residents within the range of the volcano are well aware of the risks and are well prepared
Still devastating
Erupted violently during the months of December and November in 2002
Situated on top of a collision boundary between the Euroasian plate and the African plate
PRIMARY EFFECTS
Over 100 homes were damaged or destroyed
Air filled with toxic chemicals that can be harmful for humans and animals
Wildlife destroyed
Infrastructure damaged
Tourism disrupted
Economy impacted
Farming disrupted
Economy impacted
Transport links destroyed
77 confirmed deaths
Secondary Impacts
Ash cloud disrupted air travel
Tourists stranded
Economy impacted due to affect on farming and tourism
Food prices rose
Schools closed
Two-wheeled vehicles banned for safety reasons
Damaged infrastructure unable to function
Soil more fertile from the dried mineral-rich lava rock
Homes destroyed meant people were displaced
RESPONSES
Short term
Sicily declared in a state of emergency by the government
Relief aid sent to affected areas
Barriers were build by the army to divert lava away from buildings
Aid was efficient and affected areas quickly recovered
Sicily used to eruptions
Long term
Tax allowances given to local business owners to help with financial recovery
Damaged buildings were rebuilts
Scientists pledged to improve Mt. Etna's monitoring
An emergency evacuation plan was made
Occur at DESTRUCTIVE and CONSTRUCTIVE plate boundaries
MAGMA is molten rock beneath the Earth's surface
Becomes LAVA when it reaches the Earth's surface
It then dries to form mineral-rich rock
Cone shaped
SHIELD volcanoes
Formed when the magma rising is very runny and can travel further before drying
Eruptions are more frequent but gentle
CONSTRUCTIVE or TENSIONAL BOUNDARIES
COMPOSITE volcanoes
Formed where the MAGMA rising is more viscous and moves less before drying
Eruptions infrequent but more destructive
Found at CONSTRUCTIVE or COMPRESSIONAL boundaries
Produces pyroclastic flows
Can be underwater
Island formations
Types of volcano
Active
Still erupts frequently
Dormant
Temporarily inactive
Not yet extinct
Extinct
Inactive for a very long time
Unlikely to erupt again
Composed of several parts
Secondary vent
Smaller holes where magma escapes
Main vent
Main outlet that magma escapes from
Magma chamber
The collection of magma below the volcano building up
Eruption occurs when pressure builds up here and explodes out the vents
Crater
Created when an eruption blows of the tip of the volcano
SUPERVOLCANOES are very large volcanoes with massive destructive power
Erupts at least 1,000km3 of material
Forms a CALDERA
A depression in land as opposed to a cone shape
Erupts very infrequently, hundreds of thousands of years apart
Yellowstone is a supervolcano
Climatic
Hurricanes
Annotations:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/ks3/geography/physical_processes/weather_climate/revision/9/
CASE STUDIES
Cyclone Nargis
Primary impacts
140,000 dead
2.4 million affected
Infrastructure destroyed
Transport links swept away
No power
2 million homeless
Buildings destroyed
Secondary impacts
Mosquitoes thriving
Disease
Poverty
Area isolated
Food prices rise
Crop failure
Responses
Myanmar government suspicious of aid
Did not welcome aid
A lot of deaths could of been prevented
Faced a lot of criticism
Aid not well distributed
Volunteers harassed and abused
Government didn't have enough money
Globally, help was offered but denied by the government
Aid workers and media not allowed in
Charities raised money, but the Myanmar government didn't want it
Causes
Myanmar has destroyed 80% of its mangrove coasts
Impacts worse
Built up in the Indian ocean before hitting Myanmar in April and May of 2008
Country devastated
May 2008
Myanmar
South-East Asia
Category 4
140,000 dead
$10 billion cost
LEDC
Hurricane Katrina
Annotations:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/ks3/geography/physical_processes/weather_climate/revision/10/
Primary impacts
Communication broken
No clean water
Infrastructure destroyed
1464 dead
1.7 million without electricity
Homes destroyed
Secondary impacts
Dirty water spread disease
Dead bodies health risk
$10.5 billion cost
Job loss
Emotional trauma
Businesses severely impacted
Agriculture destroyed
Tourism decreased
Wildlife habitats destroyed
Causes
Many US states affected, mostly Lousianna
New Orleans devastated
Loss of tourism
Businesses disrupted
Buildings destroyed
Many people jobless and/or homeless
Nationwide distress
Responses
Government aid was slow
Accused of being racially driven
Violence over aid
Charities raised a lot of money
Lousiana still affected now
1464 dead
First hit 29th of August 2005
South-East USA
Lousianna
Also known as cyclones and typhoons
Cyclones in the Indian ocean
Typhoons in the Pacific ocean
Hurricanes in the Atlantic ocean
Formation
Must be around the equator
Within 5° and 30° lattitude
Water from 26°C to 28°C
Winds above 74mph to be classified as a catergory 1 hurricane
Heavy rainfall, strong winds and other related hazards such as mudslides and flooding
Classified with the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale
Very destructive
Droughts
Classified as when there is an abnormally long period of time without precipitation
Slightly different for different countries and climates
Severe water shortage
Lack of clean water can lead to disease spreading
Human causes
Deforestation
Reduces the soil's ability to hold water and this quickly dries out the land (Can lead to desertification)
Dams and reservoirs
Reduces flow of water
Provides energy and water to areas by the reservoir, but further down the river can be a severe shortage
Effects
Wildlife die
Agriculture impacted
Food prices rise
Famine
Restrictions on water usage might have to be enforced
People might feel the need to migrate, putting strain on other countries
CASE STUDIES
'The Big Dry' Australia 2010
Caused by El Niño
Annual weather pattern that causes the trade winds of the Pacific ocean to reverse
Australia has no rainfall for a few weeks
Every few years it becomes dangerous
Impacts
Very severe water shortage
Water had to be imported
Agriculture impacted
Food prices rose
Wildlife dead or severely affected
Not adapted to such extreme weather
Responses
Australian government had to issue a water usage restriction
Filling swimming pools banned
Restriction on time spent in shower
Restriction on garden tending
MEDC
Kenya ???
Natural hazards caused by the weather
Flooding
Annotations:
http://www.slideshare.net/geodebs/revision-pack-2014-gcse-geography-ocr-b
CASE STUDIES
Zambezi
Primary impacts
Areas flooded and isolated
Infrastructure destroyed
Crops destroyed
The 32 million people living in the river's basin all affected
Secondary impacts
Food prices rose by up to 37%
Disease spreading through dirty water
Over 150,000 hippos in the river
Hippos are very deadly
Causes
Exceptionally heavy rain
Usually a manageable annual rainy season
Deforestation
Soil erosion
Responses
Government declared state of emergency
110 relocation camps established
Government allocated $13 million to help
A total of $7 million was donated
2009
LEDC
South-East Africa
Cockermouth
Annotations:
http://www.acegeography.com/flooding-case-studies-gcse.html
Causes
A WARM CONVEYOR from the mid-Atlantic brought an exceptional amount of rain
The town of Cockermouth was built within the valley basin of two rivers, Derwent and Cocker
River Derwent burst its banks, causing severe flooding
Melting snow from the North York Moors contributed to surface runoff
Dredging the rivers was proposed a few years ago, but environmental agencies said no
Endangers fish species
Between 28 Febuary and 11 March 500mm of rainwater fell
Responses
Government provided £1 million
The Cubrian Flood Recovery fund was set up, raising £1 million in 10 days
Temporary railway station set up
Helicopter rescued 50 people
Temporary internet access at libraries set up
Army built temporary foot bridges
RSPCA came in to rescue stranded pets
Primary impacts
1300 homes flooded with sewage
50 people had to be evacuated by helicopter
Buildings destroyed
4 bridges collapsed, 12 closed
One person died, a policeman trying to save somebody else
Secondary impacts
Sewage-infected water was a health risk
People unable to move back into homes for over a year
Cost of repairing a house at £28,000 each
Pets distressed and unable to escape
Main roads closed, increasing traffic
Cost of £100 million
Businesses unable to recover
2009
Cumbria, a county in North-West England
MEDC
Heavy rainfall
Long periods of rain
Often more than 24 hours solid
Urbanisation makes flooding worse because cities have more impenetrable surfaces
Deforestation worsens flooding because there are less trees to absorbs water
Already saturated ground worsens flooding
Can be prevented through dredging and widening rivers
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