4253988
Description
Mind Map by Emily Smerkiin, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Emily Smerkiin
about 9 years ago
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The Industrial
Age
- The Second
Industrial
Revolution
- Period of rapid growth
in US manufacturing
- US became world industrial leader
- US became world industrial leader
- Steel Industry
- Steel
- Iron made stronger by
heat and other metals
- Major in revolution
- Iron made stronger by
heat and other metals
- Bessemer Process
- Steel making by blasting hot air
through melted iron to purify it
- Cheap & efficient
- Increased production to more
than 1 million tons per year
- Increased production to more
than 1 million tons per year
- Steel making by blasting hot air
through melted iron to purify it
- Steel
- Railroad
- Low steel prices = Low railroad manufacturing prices
- Thousands of miles of new track
- Thousands of miles of new track
- Passenger and sleeping cars
improved passenger service
- Refrigerator cars allowed perishable
products to be shipped to markets
- Free tickets for settlers increased western growth
- Cities developed
- Cities developed
- Low steel prices = Low railroad manufacturing prices
- Oil and Electricity
- Oil
- Crude oil --> Kerosene
- Cooking, heating, lighting
- Cooking, heating, lighting
- Edwin L. Drake
proved possible
to pump crude
oil from ground
- Wildcatters
- Oil prospectors
- Drilled for oil in
Ohio, Pennsylvania,
and West Virginia
- Drilled for oil in
Ohio, Pennsylvania,
and West Virginia
- Oil prospectors
- Crude oil --> Kerosene
- Electricity
- Thomas Edison
- Built electricity power
plants for big cities
- Built electricity power
plants for big cities
- George Westinghouse
- Built system that could
send electricity over miles
- Built system that could
send electricity over miles
- Thomas Edison
- Oil
- Inventions
- Thomas Edison
- Lightbulb
- Lightbulb
- Alexander
Graham Bell
- Telephone
- Telephone
- Gasoline-powered engine
- Increased demand
for oil production
- Increased demand
for oil production
- Henry Ford
- Model T
- Assembly line
- Model T
- Wilbur
and
Orville
Wright
- Airplane
- Orville
Wright
- Made fist piloted
flight in
gas-powered plane
- Kitty Hawk, North Carolina
- Kitty Hawk, North Carolina
- Made fist piloted
flight in
gas-powered plane
- Airplane
- Thomas Edison
- Period of rapid growth
in US manufacturing
- Industrial Workers
- Working Conditions
- Machines
run by
unskilled
workers
- Eliminated jobs of
skilled craftspeople
- Eliminated jobs of
skilled craftspeople
- Specialization
- Workers repeat single step over and over
- Cheap and efficient
- Cheap and efficient
- Made workers tired, bored, and injury-prone
- Workers repeat single step over and over
- Frederick
W. Taylor
- Encouraged managers to view
workers as interchangeable parts
- Encouraged managers to view
workers as interchangeable parts
- Machines
run by
unskilled
workers
- Labor Unions
- Knights of Labor
- Members
- Skilled and unskilled workers
- Skilled and unskilled workers
- Beliefs
- 8-hour workday
- Equal pay
- End child labor
- Government
regulated trusts
- 8-hour workday
- Terence V. Powderly
- Leader of Knights
- Ended secrecy and
formed first labor union
- Leader of Knights
- Members
- American Federation of Labor (AFL)
- Samuel Gompers
- Beliefs
- Better
wages
- Better
hours
- Better
conditions
- Better
wages
- Organized
individual
national unions
- Members
- Skilled workers
- Great bargaining power
- Collective Bargaining
- All workers acting
collectively have
greater chance of
success
- All workers acting
collectively have
greater chance of
success
- Collective Bargaining
- Larger membership
than Knights
- Great bargaining power
- Skilled workers
- Samuel Gompers
- Mary
Harris
Jones
- Irish immigrant woman that worked for better mining conditions
- Strikes
- Helped
educate
workers
- Strikes
- Irish immigrant woman that worked for better mining conditions
- Knights of Labor
- Labor Strikes
- Chicago
Strike
- Thousands
went on
strike for
8-hour
workday
- Two
killed
in
fight
with
police
- Two
killed
in
fight
with
police
- Thousands
went on
strike for
8-hour
workday
- Haymarket Riot
- Someone threw bomb that wounded
police officers and killed eight
- Police opened fire and killed
several and wounded 100
- Police opened fire and killed
several and wounded 100
- Eight people arrested
- One had
Knights
membership
card
- Knights
leadership had
not supported
but local
chapters had
- Knights
membership fell
- Knights
membership fell
- Knights
leadership had
not supported
but local
chapters had
- One had
Knights
membership
card
- Someone threw bomb that wounded
police officers and killed eight
- Homestead Strike
- Protested
plan to buy
new
machinery
and cut
jobs
- Andrew
Carnegie's
Homestead
Steel Factory
in
Pennsylvania
- Refused to
negotiate and
locked
workers out
- Hired strike
breakers to work
- Refused to
negotiate and
locked
workers out
- Workers
seized
control
of plant
- Gunfire erupted
when Pinkerton
detectives hired by
company tried to
enter plant
- Gunfire erupted
when Pinkerton
detectives hired by
company tried to
enter plant
- Lasted 4 months
- Union defeated
- Protested
plan to buy
new
machinery
and cut
jobs
- Pullman Strike
- Stopped
traffic on
railroads
till courts
ordered
workers
to work
again
- George Pullman's
Pullman Palace Car
Company in
Pullman, Illinois
- Workers paid high rents
- Pullman laid off half of workers and cut
pay for remaining but did not lower rents
- President Grover Cleveland sent troops to stop strike
- Union defeated
- Workers paid high rents
- Stopped
traffic on
railroads
till courts
ordered
workers
to work
again
- Chicago
Strike
- Working Conditions
- Business
- Corporations
- Businesses
that sell
stocks
- Stock
- Shares of
company
ownership
- Shares of
company
ownership
- Stock
- Stockholders
- Get
percentage
of profits
- Elect board of directors to choose leaders
- Not responsible for business debt
- Only lose money invested in company if fails
- Can sell stock to whomever whenever
- Get
percentage
of profits
- Encouraged investment
- Businesses
that sell
stocks
- Business Leaders
- Andrew Carnegie
- Scottish immigrant
worked on railroad
- Became railroad superintendent
- Became railroad superintendent
- Steel
- Bought out
competitors
when steel
prices were
low and
expanded
business
- Bought out
competitors
when steel
prices were
low and
expanded
business
- Vertical
Integration
- Ownership
of businesses
involved in
each step of
process
- Ownership
of businesses
involved in
each step of
process
- Philanthropist
- Pressured railroads into charging
them lower shipping rates
- Scottish immigrant
worked on railroad
- Leland Stanford
- Governor of California
- Founder of California's
Central Pacific Railroad
- Founder of Stanford University
- Argued industries should
be managed by workers
- Governor of California
- John D. Rockefeller
- Oil
- Largest oil
refiner in
country
- Largest oil
refiner in
country
- Started Rockefeller's
Standard Oil Company
while partner in
wholesale business
- Vertical Integration
- Horizontal Integration
- Ownership of businesses in field
- Monopoly
- Total ownership of product/service
- Total ownership of product/service
- Ownership of businesses in field
- Trust
- Grouping companies under a board of directors
- Grouping companies under a board of directors
- Philanthropist
- Pressured railroads to charge lower shipping rates
- Oil
- Andrew Carnegie
- Trusts
- Social Darwinism
- Based on Charles Darwin natural selection theory
- "Survival of the fittest"
- Decided who would succeed in business and life
- Decided who would succeed in business and life
- Based on Charles Darwin natural selection theory
- Philanthropy
- Giving money to charities
- Believed rich had duty to aid poor
- Giving money to charities
- The Antitrust Movement
- Causes
- Large corporations
often drove smaller
competitors out of
business
- Powerful trusts arranged to
sell goods below market value
- Smaller competitors went out of
business trying to match prices
- When competitors fail, trust raises prices again
- When competitors fail, trust raises prices again
- Smaller competitors went out of
business trying to match prices
- Competition kept prices low and quality high
- Large corporations
often drove smaller
competitors out of
business
- People wanted government to interfere
- Congress favored businesses
- Sherman Antitrust Act
- Illegal to create monopolies of
trusts that restrained trade
- Did not clearly define trust in legal terms
- Difficult
to
enforce
- Corporations
continued to
grow
- Difficult
to
enforce
- Did not clearly define trust in legal terms
- Illegal to create monopolies of
trusts that restrained trade
- Sherman Antitrust Act
- Congress favored businesses
- Causes
- Social Darwinism
- Corporations
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