The generalized cell

Description

High School Diploma Biology Mind Map on The generalized cell, created by Jen Wolf on 05/01/2016.
Jen Wolf
Mind Map by Jen Wolf, updated more than 1 year ago
Jen Wolf
Created by Jen Wolf almost 9 years ago
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Resource summary

The generalized cell

Annotations:

  • 15% protein 3% lipids (grease) 1% carbs 1% nucleic acids 80% water
  1. Nucleus
    1. Nuclear membrane
      1. Nucleoplasm
        1. Nucleolus
          1. RNA: Ribonucleic acid

            Annotations:

            • Ribonucleic acid ribo-, ribose, pentose sugarthe blueprint for proteins SINGLE STRANDED
            1. RNA
              1. RNA
                1. mRNA
                  1. RNAP transcribes DNA on mRNA (C-G, A-U)
                    1. RNA processing to edit introns and intervening sequences. leaving exons
                      1. triplet nucleotids called codons
                  2. tRNA
                    1. cloverleaf shape; strings amino acids (3 reads as one code) (20 aa in human body)
                      1. tRNA links anticodons to codons, form - polypeptides
                    2. rRNA + protein
                      1. Ribosome

                        Annotations:

                        • amino acids are strung according to the RNA "blueprint" mRNA (messenger)
                        1. reads keys on mRNA
                  3. Chromatin (DNA, related protein)

                    Annotations:

                    • Thin streads of genetic material Chromatin transforms into Chromosomes during cell division
                    1. DNA: Deoxy-ribonucleic acid (C-G, A-T)

                      Annotations:

                      • Deoxyribonucleic acid de- oxy- ribose- -nucleic DOUBLE STRANDED
                      1. purines: 2-carbon nitrogen ring bases (adenine and guanine) pyrimidines: 1-carbon nitrogen ring bases (thymine and cytosine)
                  4. slicer enzymes etc.
                  5. Cytoplasm
                    1. Mitochondrion

                      Annotations:

                      • MITO- thread KHONDRION granule the power plant breakdown of carbohydrates and fatty acids
                      1. Krebs cycle (TCA cycle/Citric acid cycle) @ Matrix

                        Annotations:

                        • tricarboxylic acid cycle
                        1. GTP

                          Annotations:

                          • Guanosine triphosphate can be easily converted to ATP by Nucleoside Diphosphokinase (-ase enzyme)
                          1. protein synthesis
                            1. energy transfer
                            2. 2. produce NADH, FADH2, coenzymes that shuttle protons and electrons
                              1. Electron transport chain, (1000s per mitochondrion) Proton gradient across cristae membrane by pumping H+
                                1. 3.ATP synthase: energy converts ADP to ATP (oxidative phosphorylation) through chemiosis as Oxygen (final Electron and proton acceptor) pulls electrons through ETC
                                  1. water as waste product (breath)
                                    1. total 36 ATP
                              2. free radicals

                                Annotations:

                                • left over free radicals that could danger the workings processes of the cell
                              3. Golgi

                                Annotations:

                                • Camillo Golgi "packages" secretory products.through the cis face, and out from the trans face.enzymes of Lysosomes are released by the Golgi, and when bound together with endosomes, Lysosomes are formed.
                                1. Lysosome "lyso-" loosening

                                  Annotations:

                                  • vesicle based will also digest foreign viruses and bacteria
                                  1. none in plants
                                    1. sac of hydrolytic (digestive) enzymes
                                      1. Lysomic recycling

                                        Annotations:

                                        • seals organelle with membrane, fuses with this vesicle, and break down organelle into simpler molecules. 
                                        1. Intracellular digestion
                                      2. defensins

                                        Annotations:

                                        • defensins are matured in the Golgi
                                        1. defensins

                                          Annotations:

                                          • defensins act like shields to deflect alien material from entering the cell
                                      3. Microfilament

                                        Annotations:

                                        • support structures formed from protein (different from Microtubule)
                                        1. Skeletal muscle

                                          Annotations:

                                          • The thickness of the filaments determine the light and dark areas. M line: Mitter (middle) German H zone: Helle (bright) German I band: Isotropic A band: anisotropic Z disk: dense protein disks (let almost no light through)
                                          1. actin
                                            1. myosin

                                              Annotations:

                                              • turns ATP into mechanical energy. shaped like pin heads
                                              1. titin
                                            2. Centrosomes
                                              1. two centrioles

                                                Annotations:

                                                • Migrate chromatids (either end of a splitted chromosome) during cell division
                                              2. Vacuoles

                                                Annotations:

                                                • taxis
                                                1. vacuoles

                                                  Annotations:

                                                  • vacuoles merge with (cell) membrane. transport.
                                                  1. Freshwater Protista ex: paramecium, amoeba have contractile vacuole to pump excess water
                                                2. Peroxisome

                                                  Annotations:

                                                  • vesicle based: absorbs free radicals
                                                  1. etc.

                                                    Annotations:

                                                    • cell inclusion: glycogen, fat, and so on.
                                                    1. Microtubule

                                                      Annotations:

                                                      • act as conveyor belts / plays cryoskeletal role
                                                      1. ER: endoplasmic (endo- inside) reticulum (net)

                                                        Annotations:

                                                        • endoplasmic reticulum makes membrane. all vesicle based 
                                                        1. rough

                                                          Annotations:

                                                          • protein manufacturing ribosomes give the rough surface ribosomes read the RNA (blueprint) and then pumps the RNA inside.
                                                          1. smooth

                                                            Annotations:

                                                            • smooth ERs synthesizes steroids in some cells stores calcium in muscle breas down toxins in liver
                                                          2. Plastids (only in plants + Algae)
                                                            1. 1. Chloroplasts
                                                              1. Photosynthesis is a oxidation-reduction process: the water is oxidized (loses electrons H+) and the CO2 is reduced (gains electrons)
                                                                1. stroma: light independent
                                                                  1. calvin cycle: sugar (PGAL) thorugh carbon fixation (CO2, H+, electrons)
                                                                    1. rubisco important enzyme: converts CO2
                                                                  2. grana: light dependent
                                                                    1. photosynthetic pigments chlorophyll a and b
                                                                      1. photolysis: produce ATP and protons (through ATP synthase channels carried by NADP ) for light independent.
                                                                        1. Oxygen as waste product
                                                                    2. C-4 photosynthesis, modified for dry environment
                                                                      1. corn, sugar cane, crabgrass
                                                                    3. 2. Leucoplasts (Colorless, store starch, tubers or roots
                                                                      1. .3. Chromoplasts
                                                                        1. Carotenoid pigments: red, orange yellow
                                                                      2. cytosol (cytoplasm - stuff inside)(spins - cyclosis
                                                                        1. 1. Glycolysis, convert glucose to peruvic acid
                                                                          1. peruvic acid+corenzyme A
                                                                            1. Acetyl-CoA
                                                                        2. cell membrane
                                                                          1. cholesterol embedded to make less fluid
                                                                            1. 60% protein (ex ATP synthetase
                                                                              1. passive transport: diffusion, osmosis
                                                                                1. active: Pinocytosis "cell drinking" large, dissolved molecules
                                                                                  1. Phagocytosis
                                                                                    1. Exocytosis, active release of molecules
                                                                                      1. receptor-mediated endocytosis, ex cholesterol from blood
                                                                                      2. faciliated: transmembrane
                                                                                    2. microvilli

                                                                                      Annotations:

                                                                                      • Increase surface area of cell, enhance secretion / absorption
                                                                                      1. Necrosis

                                                                                        Annotations:

                                                                                        • traumatic death of cell cannot recycle self, and remains contain harmful substances
                                                                                        1. Apoptosis

                                                                                          Annotations:

                                                                                          • "cell suicide" break down self in a safe and organized fashion. other cells can recycle and use its parts
                                                                                          1. History
                                                                                            1. Anton van Leeuwenhoek: 1st microscope
                                                                                              1. Robert Hooke 1665 cork tissue "cell"
                                                                                                1. Matthias Schleiden 1838 living tissue. plant cells
                                                                                                  1. Theodor Schwann 1839 all animals made of cells
                                                                                                    1. Rudolf Virchow 1855 cell reproduction
                                                                                                      1. NOW
                                                                                                        1. 1. Phase-contrast microscope
                                                                                                          1. living, unstained
                                                                                                          2. 2. Electron microscope - up to 100,000x
                                                                                                            1. TEM, Transmission electron microscope INTERIOR
                                                                                                              1. SEM, Scanning electron microscope, SURFACE
                                                                                                                1. drawbacks: not alive after processing, elaborate prep, delicate, costly machine, thin specimen
                                                                                                                2. Ultricentrifuge, isolate specific components
                                                                                                                  1. Freeze fracture/etching, membrane details
                                                                                                                    1. tissue culture
                                                                                                                  2. 10-100 micrometers
                                                                                                                    1. Sorting
                                                                                                                      1. Prokaryotes
                                                                                                                        1. no nucleus/internal membrane
                                                                                                                          1. bacteria, some with pili. 1-10 micrometers
                                                                                                                            1. plasmids
                                                                                                                        2. Eukaryotes
                                                                                                                          1. Nucleus, complex. Humans have 200- cell types
                                                                                                                          2. Theory of Endosymbiosis
                                                                                                                          3. Cell wall
                                                                                                                            1. fungi - chitin
                                                                                                                              1. Plants and Algae - cellulose
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