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4783792
GCSE AQA Chemistry 3 Organic Chemistry
Description
Mind map showing information about reversible reactions, the Haber process, alcohols, carboxylic acids & esters
No tags specified
gcse
aqa
chemistry
chemistry 3
organic chemistry
reversible reactions
haber process
alcohols
carboxylic acids
esters
chemistry
chemistry 3
gcse
Mind Map by
Lilac Potato
, updated more than 1 year ago
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Lilac Potato
over 8 years ago
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Resource summary
GCSE AQA Chemistry 3 Organic Chemistry
Reversible Reactions
Products of reaction can react to produce original reactants
Reaches equilibrium in closed system
Amount of reactants & products reach certain balance & stay there
Reactions taking place at same rate
Temperature
Raise temp.
Endo reaction increases
Lower temp.
Exo reaction increases
Pressure
Raise pressure
Encourages reaction which produces less volume
Lower pressure
Encourages reaction which produces more volume
Catalyst
Reaches equilibrium faster but end up with same amount of product
Haber Process
nitrogen + hydrogen --> ammonia (+ heat)
Nitrogen from air - 78%
Hydrogen comes from natural gas/crude oil
Reversible reaction - reaches equilibrium
Industrial conditions: 200 atmospheres, 450*C, iron catalyst
Higher pressure favours forward reaction
High as possible - high % yield
Forward reaction - exo
Increasing temp. will move equilibrium wrong way - yield better at lower temp.
Lower temp. = lower rate of reaction
450*C is a compromise
Iron catalyst speeds up reaction & keeps costs down
Alcohols
General Formula: Cn H2n+1 OH
Flammable - burn in air to produce CO2 & water
Dissolve completely in water --> neutral solutions
React with sodium to give hydrogen & alkoxides
Used as solvents
Can dissolve substances water can't dissolve
Ethanol - solvent for perfumes
Methylated spirit - ethanol, clean paint brushes, poisonous, purply-blue dye added
Used as fuels
Ethanol in spirit burners
Fuel for cars - renewable
Carboxylic Acids
Functional group: -COOH
Names end in -anoic acid'
React like other acids with carbonates --> CO2
Salts formed end in -anoate
Dissolve in water to produce acidic solutions
Ionise & release H+ ions - but don't ionise completely --> weak acidic solutions
Ethanoic acid dissolved in water - vinegar
Citric acid - fizzy drinks, get rid of scale
Longer chains - soaps & detergents
Esters
Ethanoic acid - v. good solvent but acidic
Esters
alcohol + carboxylic acid --> ester + water
Acid catalyst used
Functional group: -COO-
Have pleasant smells, volatile, flammable, dangerous, don't mix v. well with water, do mix well with alcohols
Used in perfumes, to make flavourings, ointments & solvents for paint, ink, glue
Problems...
Inhaling fumes irritates mucus membranes
Heavier than air, v. flammable
Some toxic - health problems with synthetic food additives?
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