GCSE Unit 1 Criminal Courts

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criminal courts and appeals revision
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Angela Dickinson
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Resource summary

GCSE Unit 1 Criminal Courts
  1. categories of offences
    1. summary
      1. low level offences

        Annotations:

        • eg  driving offences assault
        1. magistrates court

          Annotations:

          • maximum sentence 12 months or 5k fine
      2. indictable
        1. most serious offences

          Annotations:

          • murder rape armed robbery
          1. crown court

            Annotations:

            • up to life imprisonment
        2. triable either way
          1. plea before venue hearing
            1. guilty plea
              1. sentencing by mags or crown

                Annotations:

                • consider if they have enough sentencing power and sentence or refer up to crown court for sentence hearing
              2. not guilty
                1. mags accept jurisdiction?

                  Annotations:

                  • depends on if their sentence power is enough
                  1. yes
                    1. defendant chooses magistrates or crown
                      1. factors in choosing
                        1. magistrates
                          1. advs

                            Annotations:

                            • faster - come to court quicker cheaper legal representation lower  sentences less formal trial - not as intimidating 
                            1. disadvs

                              Annotations:

                              • more likely to be convicted in magistrates court May still be sent to Crown Court for sentencing if mags powers no enough. No 'trial by jury' - some think this is important for justice.  
                            2. Crown Court
                              1. advs

                                Annotations:

                                • if you are likely to be found guilty then a long time in a 'cushy' remand prison will be an advantage. - reduces amount of time spent in tougher 'real prison'   Trial by jury an important  human right.  Juries more likely to acquit than convict 
                                1. disadvs

                                  Annotations:

                                  • Longer sentences if found guilty    long wait to get to trial - added stressMore expensive legal representation needed. court-room is formal and intimidating.  
                          2. no
                            1. trial in crown court
                  2. Criminal Trials
                    1. Crown Court
                      1. Jury are 'sworn in'
                        1. prosecution opening statement

                          Annotations:

                          • Tells the court and jury what they are setting out to prove
                          1. prosecution witnesses

                            Annotations:

                            • the witnesses FOR the prosecution will be questioned by the barrister for the CPS  and then CROSS EXAMINED by the defence
                            1. prosecution case ends
                              1. no case to answer?

                                Annotations:

                                • if the defence and the JUDGE agree that the prosecution have not presented the correct evidence for the crime, the defendant goes free.  There is no need for a full trial 
                                1. Defence opening statement
                                  1. defence witnesses

                                    Annotations:

                                    • Defence barrister examines their own witnesses and then CPS will cross examine
                                    1. closing statements

                                      Annotations:

                                      • the barristers for each side address the jury to summarise their sides of the argument
                                      1. Judge 'sums up'

                                        Annotations:

                                        • judge will take the Jury through all they have heard, giving them advice on important points of fact that they must agree on
                                        1. Jury deliberations

                                          Annotations:

                                          • the jury go to a private room and make a decision about whether the defendant is guilty
                                          1. verdict
                                            1. Not guilty
                                              1. defendant is free to go
                                              2. guilty

                                                Annotations:

                                                • prosecution will outline argument for harsh sentence Defence will outline mitigating factors and ask for lenient sentence 
                                                1. judge passes sentence
                          2. magistrates Court
                            1. prosecution opening statement

                              Annotations:

                              • prosecution outline their case to the magistrates
                              1. prosecution witnesses
                                1. defence opening statement
                                  1. defence witnesses
                                    1. magistrates take advice from clerk
                                      1. Magistrates give a verdict and sentence if necessary
                          3. criminal appeals
                            1. Appeals by the defence
                              1. from the Magistrates court
                                1. appeal against sentence
                                  1. goes to Crown Court for review

                                    Annotations:

                                    • risk that crown court could pass tougher sentence rather than reduce!
                                  2. appeal against verdict
                                    1. Crown Court

                                      Annotations:

                                      • crown court give permission to appeal
                                    2. appeal on a point of law

                                      Annotations:

                                      • a "case stated" appeal
                                      1. referred to High Court QBD for legal opinion
                                      2. rectification

                                        Annotations:

                                        • if the magistrates have made a clear error, then the magistrates court will hold a short hearing and put this right themselves
                                      3. from the Crown Court
                                        1. Appeal against sentence
                                          1. Court of Appeal
                                          2. appeal against verdict

                                            Annotations:

                                            • need permission from the court of appeal 'leave to appeal'
                                            1. Court of Appeal
                                              1. Often referred to CoA by the CCRC

                                                Annotations:

                                                • criminal cases review commission review convictions and identify possible miscarriages of justice
                                            2. point of law
                                              1. QBD for legal opinion
                                          3. appeals by prosecution

                                            Annotations:

                                            • more limited routes
                                            1. from magistrates
                                              1. sentencing

                                                Annotations:

                                                • if prosecution think sentence is too lenient
                                                1. crown court

                                                  Annotations:

                                                  • crown court judge can review sentencing decision if it's too lenient
                                                2. point of law
                                                  1. High Court QBD

                                                    Annotations:

                                                    • can get legal opinion about a point of law, but verdict of case will not be changed
                                                3. from crown court
                                                  1. point of law

                                                    Annotations:

                                                    • legal opinion about application of the law
                                                    1. QBD
                                                    2. sentence
                                                      1. Court of appeal
                                                      2. verdict
                                                        1. only allowed by P when there is 'compelling new evidence

                                                          Annotations:

                                                          • often when there is a scientific discovery - such as new DNA techniques
                                                          1. only one appeal allowed by prosecution
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