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Mind Map by Sarah Egan, updated more than 1 year ago
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AQA Biology A2 Unit 4
Respiration
- Aerobic
- Oxygen present
- 4 stages: Glycolysis, Link
Reaction, Krebs Cycle &
Electron Transport Chain
- 1: GLYCOLYSIS
- Occurs in the cytoplasm
- Break down of Glucose
6C into 2 x Pyruvate 3C
- 1. Phosphorylation of Glucose
- Glucose + 2 Pi from hydrolysis of
ATP gives energy (Lower AE for next
reactions)
- Glucose + 2 Pi from hydrolysis of
ATP gives energy (Lower AE for next
reactions)
- 2. Splitting of phosphorylated Glucose.
- 1 x Glucose (6C) ---> 2 x Triose Phosphate molecules (3C)
- 1 x Glucose (6C) ---> 2 x Triose Phosphate molecules (3C)
- 3. Oxidation (H loss) of
Triose Phosphate
- NAD + H ---> Reduced NAD
- NAD + H ---> Reduced NAD
- 4. 2 x ATP Produced ( Direct Substrate Level
Phosphorylation).
- Enzymes control reaction to 2 x Triose Phosphate ---> 2 x Pyruvate (3C)
- Pi + ADP ---> 4 x ATP However, 2 x ATP hydrolysed at start, so NET ATP = 2.
(+ 2 x Pyruvate & 2 x Reduced NAD)
- Enzymes control reaction to 2 x Triose Phosphate ---> 2 x Pyruvate (3C)
- 1. Phosphorylation of Glucose
- Does not require oxygen
- Occurs in the cytoplasm
- 2: LINK REACTION
- Occur in the mitochondria.
- Oxidation (H loss) of Pyruvate
from Glycolysis.
- 2 x Pyruvate actively transported from
cytoplasm to mitochondria.
- 2 x Pyruvate actively transported from
cytoplasm to mitochondria.
- Occur in the mitochondria.
- 4: ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
- Occurs on the cristae using enzymes on
the membrane to synthesise ATP.
- The H on the reduced coenzymes loss the eletrons; it is these that are
transported along the ETC.
- 1: Coenzymes Reduced NAD & FAD are OXIDISED (loss) and
releases electrons and H to create a proton gradient.
- 2: Electron is passed along protein carriers, losing energy
as it goes.
- 3: Series of Oxidation and Reduction reactions. OXYGEN is the FINAL
RECEPTOR and combines with H ---> WATER.
- 4: Electron energy is now stored in the proton gradient. This energy
synthesises ATP (INDIRECT OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION) + ATP
synthase on the stalked particles..
- 1: Coenzymes Reduced NAD & FAD are OXIDISED (loss) and
releases electrons and H to create a proton gradient.
- Occurs on the cristae using enzymes on
the membrane to synthesise ATP.
- 3: KREBS CYCLE
- Occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria.
- Break down of Acetylcoenzyme
(2C + 4C molecule) into smaller
(4C) molecule.
- Produces 1 x ATP + Reduced FAD & NAD + 2 x Carbon Dioxide.
- Occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria.
- 1: GLYCOLYSIS
- Oxygen present
- Anaerobic
- In Animals. NO Carbon Dioxide is released.
However, In plants, Carbon Dioxide is released!
- If no Oxygen is available, the H from reduced NAD (glycolysis) + pyruvate ---> lactate.
- Oxidised NAD recombines with H in glycolysis.
- In Animals. NO Carbon Dioxide is released.
However, In plants, Carbon Dioxide is released!
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