social behaviour mind map

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mind map
heavenstaar
Mind Map by heavenstaar, updated more than 1 year ago
heavenstaar
Created by heavenstaar over 8 years ago
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Resource summary

social behaviour mind map
  1. Person Perception
    1. perception or the process of forming impressions of others, can be influenced by a variety of factors, including physical appearance. People tend to attribute desirable characteristics such as sociable, friendly, warm, competent, and well adjusted to those who are good looking.
    2. Cognitive Schemas
      1. Stereotyping - is a normal cognitive process involving widely held social schemas that lead people to expect that others will have certain characteristics because of their membership in a specific group. Gender, age, ethnic, and occupational stereotypes are common.
        1. Stereotypes may lead people to see what they expect to see and to overestimate how often they see it. This is called illusory correlation. It apparently only takes one instance of an unusual or memorable behaviour to develop an illusory correlation
        2. Ingroup – a group one belongs to and identifies with – viewed more favourably Outgroup – a group one does not belong to or identify with – negative stereotypes
        3. Attribution Process
          1. Attributions are inferences that people draw about the causes of events, others’ behaviour, and their own behaviour.
            1. Internal attributions ascribe the causes of behaviour to personal dispositions, traits, abilities, and feelings (within the person). External attributions ascribe the causes of behaviour to situational demands and environmental constraints (outside the person).
            2. The fundamental attribution error is an observers’ bias in favor of internal attributions in explaining others’ behaviour.
              1. The actor-observer bias includes that we are likely to attribute our own behaviour to situational causes and others’ behaviour to personal (internal) causes.
                1. the defensive attribution - the tendency to blame victims for their own misfortune, so that one feels less likely to be victimized in a similar way.
            3. Culture and Attributional Tendencies
              1. Individualism involves putting personal goals ahead of group goals and defining oneself according to personal attributes. Collectivism involves putting group goals first and defining one’s identity in terms of the group/family one belongs to.
                1. Individualist cultures (European, Canadian and American) value independence, self-esteem, and self-reliance. Collectivist cultures (First Nations, Latin America, Africa and Asia) value sharing resources, cooperation, and concern for how one’s actions affect others.
                2. The self-serving bias is the tendency to attribute one’s success to personal factors and one’s failure to situational factors.
                  1. This is more likely in Western cultures. In Japan, researchers have found a self-effacing bias in which people attribute their successes to receiving help from others and their failures to themselves and try to improve.
                3. Close Relationships
                  1. Interpersonal attraction refers to positive feelings toward another
                    1. Physical appearance influences are significant in attraction and love, particularly in the initial stages of dating.
                      1. The matching hypothesis proposes that males and females of approximately equal physical attractiveness are likely to select each other as partners.
                        1. similarity - shows that couples tend to be similar in age, race, religion, social class, education, intelligence, physical attractiveness, and attitudes.
                        2. Perspectives on Love
                          1. Berscheid and Hatfield have distinguished between passionate and companionate love, with passionate love being a complete absorption in another that includes tender sexual feelings and the agony and ecstasy of intense emotion.
                            1. Companionate love is warm, trusting, tolerant affection for another whose life is deeply intertwined with one’s own.
                              1. Robert Sternberg has expanded the distinction between passionate and companionate love, subdividing companionate love into intimacy (warmth, closeness, and sharing) and commitment (intent to maintain a relationship in spite of the difficulties and costs).
                            2. Early Attachment and Love in Adulthood
                              1. Attachment anxiety indicates how much people worry about their partner not being there when needed (abandonment) and is partly due to their feelings of being/not being lovable.
                                1. Attachment avoidance refers to the amount of comfort with closeness and intimacy and the amount of emotional distance they need.
                                2. Attitudes
                                  1. Explicit attitudes – attitudes we are conscious of
                                    1. Implicit attitudes - attitudes we hold and express in subtle automatic responses over which we have little conscious control.
                                    2. Theories of Attitude Formation and Change
                                      1. Learning Theory: Attitudes may be shaped through classical conditioning (pairing) especially if emotion is involved. E.g. pair product with Olympic champion).
                                        1. Operant conditioning (rewards and punishment) can be used to form or change attitudes,
                                          1. Observational learning (e.g. from parents, peers) influences attitudes
                                        2. Dissonance Theory: Festinger’s dissonance theory asserts that inconsistent attitudes cause tension and that people alter their attitudes to reduce cognitive dissonance.
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