Renaissance

Annotations:

• The Renaissance is one of the most interesting and disputed periods of European history. The Renaissance began in Italy about 1350 and in the rest of Europe after 1450 and that it lasted until about 1620. It was a historical era with distinctive themes in learning, politics, literature, art, religion, social life, and music. I put it at the centre of the diagram because this is the core theme of the mind map. All the branches are related to the Renaissance period. 

1. Rebirth of Classical Ideas

   Annotations:

   • The Renaissance saw a rebirth of classical ideals. The rebirth of literature, art, and new development of the family structure, was created as a transition from the disastrous Middle Ages to the age of “rebirth,” the Renaissance. These areas of advancements became the major differences of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. I put this right under the "Renaissance" because the word "renaissance" means "rebirth" in French. And Renaissance is the rebirth of classical art, poetry, and literature. 
   1. Ancient Greece

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      • The term Ancient Greece refers to the time three centuries before the classical age, between 800 B.C. and 500 B.C. Ancient Greece saw advances in art, poetry and technology, but most of all it was the age in which the polis, or city-state, was invented. The polis became the defining feature of Greek political life for hundreds of years. I put it under the "rebirth of classical ideas" because the art, literature, and poetry of ancient Greece are the one of classical ideas.  Picture citation: "Google." Google. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Apr. 2016.
   2. Ancient Rome

      Annotations:

      • Because Italy was constantly at war around that time, Romans soon came in contact with Greeks in the third century B.C. The Romans admired Greek art and architecture. Rome was also considered the most powerful city in the Italian peninsula by now. I put it under the "rebirth of classical ideas" because the ancient Rome had lots of artworks and poems that were belong to classical ideas.  Picture citation: "Google." Google. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Apr. 2016. 
2. Humanism

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   • Renaissance Humanism was an intellectual movement which originated in the thirteenth century, and came to dominate European thought during the Renaissance, in which it played a considerable role in creating. At the core of Renaissance Humanism was using the study of classical texts to alter contemporary thinking, breaking with the medieval mindsets and creating something new. I put it beside the "Renaissance" because it is directly related to the Renaissance period. 
   1. Independent Thinking

      Annotations:

      • The Renaissance brought about a trend towards people thinking for themselves. People became less interested in thinking about God, heaven and the saints, and more interested in thinking about themselves, their surroundings and their everyday lives. In general, Renaissance thinkers prized individual achievement more than a person's class or family. This emphasis on individualism was an enormous shift from medieval thinking. I put this beside the "humanism" because the "independent thinking" was one of the important elements that constituted the "humanism". 
   2. Power of the Church and Kings Challenged

      Annotations:

      • The fifteenth century in Italy was characterized by the rise of humanism, the power of the Catholic Church and warring Italian city-states. A century later, the humanists would fight against the Catholic Church, and the Protestant Reformation would break the power of the Catholic Church in many places. The result of these dramatic events would greatly influence the trajectory of renaissance thought and development. I put it next to the "humanism" because the humanists challenged the power of the Church, so the two things were directly related. 
3. Florence, Italy

   Annotations:

   • Florence was the city where the renaissance began. The Renaissance got going in the early years of 15th century in Florence. In this period, Florence is not a city in the unified country of Italy. Instead, Italy was divided into many city-states like Florence, Milan, Venice etc, each with their own government. Florence was a ideal city state, a place where the freedom of the individual was guaranteed, and where many citizens had the right to participate in the government. I put it next to the "Renaissance" because the renaissance began at Florence. Thus, they were directly related.  Picture citation: "Google." Google. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Apr. 2016.
   1. Medici Family

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      • The Medici family was the first attained wealth and political power in Florence in the 13th century through its success in commerce and banking. The Medici family dominated Florentine politics for two and a half centuries. The family also got its genes mixed with those of most royal families in Europe. I put it next to the "Florence" because the Medici family ruled the Florence for two and a half centuries. Thus, they were directly related.  Picture citation: "Google." Google. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Apr. 2016.
4. Arts

   Annotations:

   • The Renaissance lasted from 1300s to the early 1600s. Artists created sculptures, murals, drawings, and paintings. The aim of much Renaissance art was to show the importance of people and nature, not just religious ideas. Artists also began to use new techniques to draw. The style of painting, sculpture and decorative arts identified with the Renaissance emerged in Italy in the late 14th century in the work of Italian masters such as Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo and Raphael. I put it next to the "Renaissance" because "art" was an important element that constitute the Renaissance. 
   1. Raphael

      Annotations:

      • Raphael was a leading figure of Italian High Renaissance classicism, he was best known for his "Madonnas," including the Sistine Madonna, and for his large figure compositions in the Palace of the Vatican in Rome. I put him next to the "art" because Raphael was one of the masters of Renaissance art.  Picture citation: "Google." Google. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Apr. 2016.
   2. Michelangelo

      Annotations:

      • Michelangelo is widely regarded as the most famous artist of the Italian Renaissance. Among his works are the "David" and "Pieta" statues and the Sistine Chapel frescoes. Michelangelo's "Pieta," a sculpture of Mary holding the dead Jesus across her lap, was very famous. I put it next to the "art" because Michelangelo had a very high achievement at Renaissance art.  Picture citation: "Google." Google. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Apr. 2016.
   3. Donatello

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      • Italian sculptor Donatello was the greatest Florentine sculptor before Michelangelo and was the most influential individual artist of the 15th century in Italy. Sculptor Donatello apprenticed early with well-known sculptors and quickly learned the Gothic style. Over his career he developed a style of lifelike, highly emotional sculptures and a reputation second only to Michelangelo's. I put it next to the "art" because Donatello was a well-known artist, he was directly related to the Renaissance art.  Picture citation: "Google." Google. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Apr. 2016.
   4. Leonardo da Vinci

      Annotations:

      • Leonardo da Vinci was a leading artist and intellectual of the Italian Renaissance who's known for his enduring works "The Last Supper" and "Mona Lisa." Leonardo da Vinci was the epitome of a “Renaissance man.” Possessor of a curious mind and keen intellect, Leonardo da Vinci studied the laws of science and nature, which greatly informed his work as a painter, sculptor, architect, inventor, military engineer and draftsman. I put him next to the "art" because he was one of the masters of Renaissance art.  Picture citation: "Google." Google. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Apr. 2016.
   5. Change of Art Techniques & features

      Annotations:

      • The Renaissance produced an explosion of innovative and hybrid painting techniques. The architect Brunelleschi calculated linear perspective, Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo dissected corpses to better capture human anatomy, Raphael played with light and dimension, and Titian and Tintoretto suffused their work with intense colour to express vitality and emotion. I put it next to the "art" because the "techniques of Renaissance art" was directly related to "art". 
      1. Non Religious Themes

         Annotations:

         • The Renaissance artist had far more freedom of both subject and style than did a Medieval painter. They didn't always need to draw religious themes like the Medieval painters did. Renaissance artists were impressed more by Classical art than Medieval art. Like classical artists, Renaissance artists depicted subjects that were not always religious. They tried to show people as lifelike and engaged in everyday activities. I put it next to the "Change of art techniques and features" because "non-religious themes" were a important feature of Renaissance art. 
      2. Perspective

         Annotations:

         • Almost all Renaissance artists turned to the use of perspective to enhance their compositions, notably Masaccio, Mantegna, Fra Angelico and Leonardo. The Renaissance use of perspective reached its apogee at around 1500, as represented by the incandescent work of Raphael. I put it next to the "Change of art techniques and features" because "perspective" was an important technique that most Renaissance artists used.  Picture citation: "Google." Google. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Apr. 2016.
   6. Patrons

      Annotations:

      • During the Renaissance, many people extremely paid attention to the "beauty" and the "art". So many rich people began to support famous artist. Those people who supported artists are called "patrons of the arts".   I put it next to the "Arts" because "patrons" are the people who highly support artist and painters. 
      1. Medici Family

         Annotations:

         • Among the greatest patrons in 15th-century Florence were members of the powerful Medici family, who ruled as princes though the city. For instance, One of the artists employed by the Medici was Botticelli. Botticelli's paintings matched the cerebral refinement of Florence's humanists, especially the Neoplatonic philosophers, who saw beauty as a way to approach an understanding of the divine. I put it next to "patrons" because the Medici family was the most famous patron who strongly support artists. Picture citation: "Google." Google. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Apr. 2016. 
5. Politics

   Annotations:

   • The political trouble during the Renaissance lay in the conflict between central and local power within rising “states”. There were many succession-right problems whereby cities and local lords wanted to keep their autonomy, whereas monarchs wanted to keep centralised power in their own hands. I put it next to the "renaissance" because the "politics" is also a very important element that constitute the Renaissance. 
   1. Machiavelli

      Annotations:

      • Machiavelli had been secretary to the chancery for the Republic of Florence, but the Medici family retook the city-state by force and installed their prince as leader, banishing Machiavelli from government. Machiavelli was the inheritor of a tradition of humanism that dated back to the 14th century and was far from anti-Christian. His published books including "The Prince" and "Discourses on Livy" were all very famous. I put it under the "humanism" because he was an important politician and was directly related to the "politics".   Picture citation: "Google." Google. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Apr. 2016.
6. Architecture

   Annotations:

   • Italian Renaissance architects based their theories and practices on Classical Roman examples. The Renaissance revival of Classical Rome was as important in architecture as it was in literature. A pilgrimage  to Rome to study the ancient buildings and ruins, especially the Colosseum and Pantheon, was considered essential to an architect’s training. I put it next to the "renaissance" because "architecture" is a very important element that constitute the Renaissance.
   1. Raphael

      Annotations:

      • Raphael was not only an artist, but also a architect. After architect Donato Bramante died, the pope hired Raphael as his chief architect. Under this appointment, Raphael created the design for a chapel in Sant’ Eligio degli Orefici. He also designed Rome’s Santa Maria del Popolo Chapel and an area within Saint Peter’s new basilica. I put Raphael next to both "art" and "architecture" because he was talented at both fields.  Picture citation: "Google." Google. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Apr. 2016.
   2. Leonardo da Vinci

      Annotations:

      • Leonardo da Vinci was not only an artist, but also an architect. Leonardo's notes contain many references to architecture, especially plans for cathedrals. His studies in this area commenced with the examination of various tools and instruments for building. This then progressed into an area never before studied, that of the varying strengths of pillars, beams, and arches. I put it next to "architecture" because he was also talented at this field.  Picture citation: "Google." Google. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Apr. 2016.
   3. Brunelleschi

      Annotations:

      • Brunelleschi was one of the leading architects and engineers of the Italian Renaissance, and is best known for his work on the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence. Early in his architectural career, Brunelleschi rediscovered the principles of linear perspective, known to ancient Greeks and Romans, but lost during the Middle Ages. I put him next to the "architecture" because Brunelleschi was a very famous architect during the renaissance period.  Picture citation: "Google." Google. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Apr. 2016.
7. Science

   Annotations:

   • Near the end of the Renaissance, the scientific revolution began. This was a time of great strides in science and mathematics. Scientists like Francis Bacon, Galileo, Rene Descartes, and Isaac Newton made discoveries that would change the world. I put it next to the "renaissance" because "science" was an important element that constitute the Renaissance, so it was directly related to the "renaissance".
   1. Copernicus

      Annotations:

      • Astronomer Copernicus identified the concept of a heliocentric solar system, in which the sun, rather than the earth, is the centre of the solar system. But Copernicus was not the first person who discovered this theory, ancient Greek astronomer Aristarchus of Samos had identified the sun as the solar system's central unit. However, this heliocentric theory was quickly dismissed in Copernicus's era because Ptolemy's ideas were far more eagerly accepted by the influential Roman Catholic Church, which supported the earth-based solar system theory. I put him next to "science" because he was a well-known astronomer. Picture citation: "Google." Google. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Apr. 2016.
   2. Galileo

      Annotations:

      • Galileo was a extremely famous scientist. He was a Italian scientist and scholar, Galileo made pioneering observations that laid the foundation for modern physics and astronomy. Galileo learned about a simple telescope built by Dutch eyeglass makers, and he soon developed one of his own.He strongly supported Copernicus's theory. And Galileo also refined his theories on motion and falling objects, and developed the universal law of acceleration, which all objects in the universe obeyed. I put it next to "science" because Galileo was a talented physicist and astronomer.   Picture citation: "Google." Google. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Apr. 2016.
   3. Medicine

      Annotations:

      • Medicine remained dominated by the teachings of the church but physicians began to learn more about the human body during the Renaissance. Andreas Vesalius and Leonardo Da Vinci dissected human bodies and made the first anatomical drawings. These helped in understanding the organs and systems of the human body. I put it next to "science" because "medicine" is directly related to "science". Some scientists specially study how to invent new medicine. 
      1. Vesalius

         Annotations:

         • Vesalius was an anatomist whose dissections of the human body helped to correct misconceptions dating from ancient times. Galen was an important anatomist during that period, but Vesalius realized that Galen was dramatically wrong. Vesalius widened his scope, dissecting animals, and reading over his Galen more carefully. The source of the mistake dawned on him. Galen had never dissected a human. The traditions of Rome did not allow such a practice, and so Galen had had to make do with dissecting animals and examining his patients during surgery. Instead of humans, Galen was often writing about oxen or Barbary macaques. I put Vesalius next to "medicine" because Vesalius had a great contribution to influence the modern medicine.  Picture citation:  "Google." Google. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Apr. 2016.
   4. Leonardo da Vinci

      Annotations:

      • Leonardo da Vinci was not only an artist, architect, but also a scientist. He studied in anatomy and physics. He made crude sketches of all parts of body and some truly amazing and wonderful ones. Leonardo also worked with physics and perspective. He used a lot of his perspective ideas in paintings and sketches. He used physics with many of his inventions. I put he next to "science" because Leonardo da Vinci was a great scientist. And he had many contribution to science.  Picture citation: "Google." Google. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Apr. 2016.
   5. Printing

      Annotations:

      • The invention of printing machines changed the Renaissance a lot. Such as the demand for books grows and the humanism emerges. Because of the printing machines, people can copy books by printing, not rely on those people who copy books by hands, which usually take them two or three months. On the top of that, the price of the books become much inexpensive, so everybody gets a chance to read. Also, it helps the humanism ideas grow. I put it next to the "science" because printing was a technique that developed from science. 
      1. Gutenberg

         Annotations:

         • Gutenberg invented the printing press in 1445, he forever changed the lives of people in Europe. German inventor Gutenberg developed a method of movable type and used it to create one of the Western world's first major printed books, the “Forty-Two-Line” Bible. I put him next to "Printing" because Gutenberg was the person who invented the printing machine.  Picture citation: "Google." Google. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Apr. 2016.
      2. Famous Printed Bible

         Annotations:

         • The Gutenberg Bible is the first substantial book printed in the West with moveable metal type. Before its printing books were either copied by hand or printed from engraved wooden blocks, processes that could take months or years to complete. I put it next to "printing" because the "printed bible" was the first book printed by the Gutenberg Bible.  Picture citation: "Google." Google. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Apr. 2016.
8. Literature

   Annotations:

   • Renaissance literature is literature that was created in Europe, during the Renaissance. The Renaissance is commonly defined as a period of artistic, cultural, and philosophical rebirth of classical ideas and art forms, and the period also saw the development of new ideas, artistic conventions, and technologies. I put it next to the "renaissance" because "literature" is a very important element that constitute the Renaissance. 
   1. Petrarch

      Annotations:

      • Petrarch was a poet and scholar whose humanist philosophy set the stage for the Renaissance. He is also considered one of the fathers of the modern Italian language. Petrarch's writing includes well-known odes to Laura, his idealized love. His writing was also used to shape the modern Italian language. I put him next to "literature" because Petrarch was a very famous Italian poet during the Renaissance.   Picture citation: "Google." Google. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Apr. 2016.
   2. Shakespeare

      Annotations:

      • William Shakespeare, often called the English national poet, is widely considered the greatest dramatist of all time. Shakespeare wrote at least 37 plays and collaborated on several more. Many of these plays were very successful both at court and in the public playhouses. I put him next to   "literature" because he was a well-known poet and dramatist.  Picture citation: "Google." Google. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Apr. 2016.