Renaissance

Annotations:

• I connected Florence, Italy to Renaissance because it is the birthplace of Renaissance and then it spread throughout Europe. During the Renaissance, Florence is a very beautiful city, Florence was the banking center of Europe, and the wealth allowed the city of Florence to be the leading cultural center of the Renaissance period. 

1. Dominated by Medici Family

   Annotations:

   • I connected dominated by Medici Family to Florence, Italy because Medici family controlled Florence for nearly three centuries. They acquired their money though banking and they made Florence the banking center of Europe.  
2. Center of Trade and Commerce

   Annotations:

   • I placed center of trade and commerce to Florence, Italy because trading brought new ideas and goods into Europe. Merchants brought back goods and ideas from the East to help with the rediscovery. As a result, Florence became the center of trade and commerce. Some of the cities in Italy were located on the trade route, the increase in trade provided them a new kind of economy. 
   1. Great wealth that supported cultural activity

      Annotations:

      • I connected this to center of trade and commerce because once the city of Florence became wealthy, people could afford and support cultural activity. Banking and trading created wealth, and it also helped Florence became the banking center of Europe.  
      1. patrons

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         • I connected patrons to great wealth that supported cultural activity because wealthier people and residents could afford to be patrons of talented artist and thinker. 
3. End of Middle Ages

   Annotations:

   • I put end of middle ages under Florence, Italy because Renaissance took place in the end of middle ages. 
4. Widespread interest in classical art and and learning

   Annotations:

   • I connected this to Florence, Italy because Renaissance began with the rediscovery of the classical world. Merchants brought back new ideas and goods from the East, including classical statues and building. There were widespread interest in the classical world which led to the period we called Renaissance. 
5. 1300s

   Annotations:

   • I connected 1300s to Florence, Italy because 1300s is the time when Renaissance began in Italy. They began the rediscovery of the classical world, which is ancient Greece and Rome. 
   1. Spread throughout Europe in the 1400s and 1500s

      Annotations:

      • I connected this to 1300s because 1300s is the time when Renaissance began, 1400s and 1500s is the time when the idea of Renaissance spread to other part of Europe. 

Annotations:

• I connected advances to Renaissance because in this period, they were making considerable advances in various fields. They were inspired by the classical culture while creating new ideas with their own way of thinking. 

1. Arts

   Annotations:

   • I connected art to advances because during the Renaissance period, the aim of much Renaissance art was to show the importance of human and nature, instead of the religious ideas of which in the Middle Ages. Artists also began using new techniques and their works showed distinct characteristics from the works produced in the Middle Ages. 
   1. Architecture

      Annotations:

      • I connected architecture to art because they added their own styles to classical building styles. They studied Greek and Roman building, and they modeled their own building from what they had learn. They were interested in rounded arches, straight columns and domed roofs. 
      1. Filippo Brunelleschi

         Annotations:

         • I connected Brunelleschi to architecture because during that time, no one knows how to build a large dome without collapsing, he had learned about the mathematics involved in constructing building. Eventually, he solved the problem and successfully complete the dome project, the project was completed in 1434, named Santa Maria del Fiore.  
   2. Sculpture

      Annotations:

      • I connected sculpture to arts because sculptures of this time were also influenced by the humanist interest in realism. The sculptors during the Renaissance began carving figures that looked like real people and they can be viewed on all sides. Those sculptures symbolized the humanist ideas and the importance of each individual, and they were greatly different than the sculptures made from medieval time.
      1. Donatello

         Annotations:

         • I connected Donatello to sculpture because he was the first sculptor to use the more lifelike style. His work expressed personality and mood. His famous work is the life-sized statue of David, which is thought to be the first freestanding statue since ancient time.  
      2. Michelangelo

         Annotations:

         • I put Michelangelo under sculpture because he was gifted in sculpture. He was influenced by the works of Donatello's. His sculpture show his amazing talent for carving lifelike figures. His masterpiece, David may be the world's mot widely admired work. He also had a great influence on other artists. 
   3. Painting

      Annotations:

      • I put painting under arts because the painting during Renaissance were influenced by the renewed interest in classical arts and the idea of humanism at the same time. The painters emphasize realistic characteristics of the painting, which was a new style.   
      1. The use of perspective

         Annotations:

         • I connect the use of perspective to painting because it is one major advance made by Renaissance painters.  During this time, the painting seem not to be a flat surface, the backgrounds of the painting show perspective, depth is also added to the painting. 
      2. Leonardo da Vinci

         Annotations:

         • I connected Leonardo to painting because he had studied a lot of different subject, including painting. His painting are among the world's greatest art work. Mona Lisa is one of his masterpiece. All his work included a remarkable use of perspective, balance, and detail. 
   4. Literature

      Annotations:

      • I put literature under arts because literature during Renaissance had changed in topics, and so did the style of writing and the language. During this period, a lot of famous literature work had been created by gifted writers, for example, William Shakespeare. Shakespeare's works are the representation of literature. 
      1. Non Religious Themes

         Annotations:

         • I connected non religious themes to literature because before the Renaissance period, most of the literature work were based on church, myth, religion, Jesus, and god.  The use of language was more formal and in Latin, so the works could be only read by a few people, while the writers in Renaissance were interested in individual experience in the real world, and the topics were usually associated with non0religious themes and personal thoughts in life. 
         1. William Shakespeare

            Annotations:

            • I connected Shakespeare to non religious themes because his play cover a variety of topic, which included history, romance, politics, prejudice, murder, and war. His works represent the distinct quality of Renaissance and he is considered to be the world's greatest playwright and poets. 
2. Politics

   Annotations:

   • I connected politics to advances because Florence was ruled by series of governing board, which was controlled by rich families. This kind of politics was advanced and it was slightly different than what it was back in the Middle Ages.
   1. Niccolò Machiavelli

      Annotations:

      • I put Machiavelli under politics because he was a statesman and historian, he had watched a lot of struggles for power. Based on his experience, he wrote a book called The Prince, which show how politics and government really work. He believed that a ruler should be feared rather than loved and should rule his country by doing what works best, even if it is not moral. 
3. Science

   Annotations:

   • I put science under advances because during this period, the approach to research had changed. In the medieval time, people believed about the natural world based on the ideas in the ancient times. However, during the Renaissance, people started questioning those ideas and started doing experiments and observations, and only believed in the theory based on the logic and mathematics.  
   1. Nicolaus Copernicus

      Annotations:

      • I put Copernicus under science because Copernicus was often called the "father of modern astronomy". Astronomy = Science.  He was skilled in mathematics and observation. He was taught that Earth was the center of the universe. However, as he studied the motion of the planets, he proposed a new idea, that Earth and other planets orbit the sun. Earth rotates on its axis. Copernicus also worked on a full length book called "On the revolutions of the Celestial Spheres" His theory is part of the foundation of modern astronomy. 
   2. Galileo Galilei

      Annotations:

      • i connected Galileo to science because he is the key scientist who made pioneering observation that set the foundation  for modern science. Unlike the most people of his time, he supported the Copernican theory that it is the earth and other planets that revolve around the sun. His discoveries put him into trouble with the Catholic Church, but later it was proved to be correct. 

Annotations:

• I connect Humanism to Renaissance because humanism is the core concept of Renaissance. This philosophy was developed beginning in Italy. Humanist believed in the worth and independent of all individuals, and the way of thinking to balance religious faith with an emphasis on individual dignity, and interest in nature and society. 

1. Individualism

   Annotations:

   • i connected individualism to humanism because individualism is all about humanism. Individualism is the belief of the importance of individuals's achievements and dignity. 
   1. Independent Thinking

      Annotations:

      • I connected Independent thinking with Individualism because independent thinking and freedom of ideas were the cores of humanism.
      1. Power of the Church and Kings Challenged

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         • I connected this to independent thinking because the idea of humanism brought them into conflict with the Catholic Church and kings. The Catholic Church held the greatest power, the people believed that the church and the king represented god, so they were taught to be following their rules without questioning. However, the individualism prized the potential in every individual and the power of mind. As a result, the power of the church and kings were challenged by the development of Individualism. 
2. Francesco Petrarch

   Annotations:

   • I connected Petrarch to humanism because Petrarch is considered to be the founder of humanism. 
3. Interest in nature & human society

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   • I connected this to the Humanism because Humanists took a fresh interest in human society and nature. This thinking helped to contribute to the burst of creativity during Renaissance. 

Annotations:

• I connect rebirth to Renaissance, because Renaissance is French word means rebirth. 

1. Cultures of Ancient Greece and Rome

   Annotations:

   • I connected this to rebirth because the Renaissance began the rediscovery of the classical world of ancient Greece and Rome. Merchants brought back goods and ideas from the East, goods and ideas including classical learning. All this idea led to the rediscovery of ancient Greece and Rome, the interest in classical culture lead us to the Renaissance period. 
2. Classical ideas

   Annotations:

   • I put classical ideas under rebirth because this is the time when the rebirth of interest in classical ideas and learning took place. 

Annotations:

• I connected change and influence to Renaissance because during this period, a lot of idea, way of art had changed. City grew larger and wealthier, trade and commerce increased, loyalty and bankers supported art and learning. 

1. Johnnes Gutenberg

   Annotations:

   • I put Johnnes Gutenberg under change and influence because he is another important figure who made great impact and influence to the world. He improved the existing printing method, he invented a printing press that used movable type, which all the character could reused. 
   1. Printing press

      Annotations:

      • I put printing press under Gutenberg because he invented the movable printing press. The invention of the printing press made a tremendous impact to the world. 
      1. Pamphlets could be made more cheaply and quickly

         Annotations:

         • I put this under printing press because with the help of the improved version of the printing press, whole printing process so much efficient, and books and pamphlets could be produce more quickly and cheaply and become widely available. 
      2. Printed matters to communicate new ideas

         Annotations:

         • I connected this to printed press because when the printing method became more sophisticated, more people used the printed things to communicate new ideas, discoveries, and inventions. Since all the printed material was more available, more people learned to read. 
   2. Famous Printed Bible

      Annotations:

      • I put famous printed bible to Gutenberg because Fust ( his business parter) and Gutenberg came up with a good idea which is to print the Bible that was extraordinary in every way. While Gutenberg is working on this project, and aiming for perfection, Fust is getting impatient that he haven't earned any money since they started this project. Fust filed a lawsuit against Gutenberg, and Fust took over the business, which included the type-faces, and the printing press. Fust finished world on the bible that Gutenberg had started and earn a lot of money. However, Gutenberg did not give u p on anything, he found another financial banker, they set up a printing shop, and he also trained printer, and widespread his printing technology throughout Europe. 
2. Andreas Vesalius

   Annotations:

   • I connect Andreas Vesalius to change and influence because he is another important figure during Renaissance who had changed the world of medicine and anatomy. His observation and discoveries of human body had affect of what people think about human anatomy, and the discoveries also changed the physician's understanding of medicine.  
   1. First modern medical textbook On the Structure of Human Body

      Annotations:

      • I put this under medicine because Vesalius made many discoveries about human body, and his discoveries led him to write his own textbook of anatomy. His book was a major breakthrough. His textbook explain how body functions. Last but not least, his textbook is considered to be the world's first modern medical textbook. 
      1. Change the way people know about human anatomy

         Annotations:

         • I connected this to first modern medical textbook On the Structure of Human Body, because his textbook changed what people knew about human anatomy and it also changed physician's understanding of medicine. 
   2. Medicine

      Annotations:

      • I put medicine under Vesalius because his discovery of human anatomy had changed what physician think about medicine, and how they used medicine. 
3. Nicolaus Copernicus

   Annotations:

   • I connected Copernicus to change and influence because he is an important figure during Renaissance who brought change and influence to the world. He proposed the idea that Earth is not the center of Earth, Earth and other planets orbit the sun. This idea was later proved to be true, and his theory is part of the basis of modern astronomy. 
   1. Astronomy

      Annotations:

      • I placed astronomy under Copernicus because his theory had proven to be true and his theory is important to the modern astronomy, and his theory is also the part of the basis of modern astronomy. 
      1. Theory of Earth and other planets travel around the Sun

         Annotations:

         • I placed this under astronomy because despite the church's disapproval, Copernicus theory had a major influence on many scientist. His theory was proven to be correct, and his theory take a important place to modern astronomy.