ATTACHMENT

1. birds: treat 1st moving stimulus as mothers
2. = instinctual & adaptive early attachment

1. wire mother: food
2. cloth mother: comfort

1. provide: psychological comfort

1. 6 - 8 months
2. upset

1. proximity maintenance
2. secure base (safe & protected)
3. joint visual attention
4. safe haven seeking
5. separation anxiety

1. cognitive element
2. beliefs & expectations

   Annotations:

   • about: 1. one's own and other people's behaviour 2. lovability, worthiness, acceptability of the self 3. guidelines for interpreting other's actions: emotional availability and interests of others + their availability to provide protection
3. = template for future relationships
4. develops within early relationships

1. 1. Pre-attachment (0-2 months)
2. 2. Attachment in the making (3-6 months)

   Annotations:

   • - responding differently to different people - will accept mother substitute
3. 3. Clear cut attachment (7-9 months)

   Annotations:

   • - active proximity seeking - separation anxiety - stranger fear
4. 4. Goal-corrected partnership (3 yrs + )

1. fathers
   1. 2nd year
   2. 18 months: separation distress
   3. vigorous + physical play
   4. exploration companion
2. mothers
   1. support
   2. secure base

Annotations:

• - understanding neglect on young children - improved child care institutions

Annotations:

• = experimental procedure for assessing attachment: child alone with a stranger when mother leaves the room

1. securely attached: minor distress => enthusiasm

   Annotations:

   • later in life: - more attractive to peers as playmates - more obedient & independent - more concern and helping for peers - more likely to have close friends when teenagers - less anxiety disorders, criminal record
2. insecure attachment
   1. anxious/resistant: upset =>ambivalent (crying, slapping)
   2. anxious/avoidant: distant, aloof => ignore
   3. disorganised: inconsistent behaviours

Annotations:

• = the core of a child's developing personality
• - individual differences in emotional reactivity - + and - emotionality, sociability, attentional persistence - predicts some childhood outcomes, not attachment security

1. influence: genetics
   1. identical twins => similar temperaments

1. secure attachment = cross-cultural
2. China: low & UK: high secure attachment

1. responsiveness to needs
2. warmth & closeness
3. supportive involvement
4. extent to provide a secure base

1. same features as childhood attachment
2. anxiety: rejection & abandonment
3. avoidance: closeness & intimacy