5243671
Civil Rights Movement
- Background
- 1776 US Declaration of
independence declared ‘all men
are created equal’
- For many Liberal commentators the
product of this history of racial
discrimination is the continuing existence
of institutional racism and lack of
opportunities for minorities.
- For many conservative commentators the USA has rid
itself of racism and is today a post-racial society and there
is true equality for all.
- For many conservative
commentators the USA has rid itself
of racism and is today a post-racial
society and there is true equality for
all. Feel there isn’t any need to
rectify historical issues of
discrimination.
- Liberals point towards the political and
moral responsibility of the US government
to redress continuing barriers to
educational and economic achievement
facing minorities.
- With growing importance
of Latino vote,
conservatives see
immigration reform as
strictly controlling
immigration and securing
US borders from illegal
immigrants, sealing
Mexico borders, and
taking a more proactive
approach to finding and
deporting undocumented
aliens.
- Liberals claim that immigrants are people with rights who are essential to a failing
economy and should be encouraged to integrate with society through a nationwide
amnesty programme. Support the DREAM act.
- 1776 US Declaration of
independence declared ‘all men
are created equal’
- Early Developments
- 19th Century: use constitution to guarantee rights and
representation for racial minorities. 13th, 14th and
15th amendments passed immediately after the civil
war. However, segregation remained rife, especially in
the deep south. Also saw rise in residential
segregation, blacks moved to inner cities to find work
whilst suburbs were still largely white.
- 20th Century
- 1954 supreme court decision in Brown V. Topeka
Board of Education led to passage of civil rights
legislation from 1964. Equality of opportunity =
giving people rights. Equality of results =
implementation.
- Busing = creating racially mixed schools and
neighbourhoods. Quotas = reserving a
certain percentage of places for people in
preliously disadvantaged groups. Affirmative
action = giving those members of a
previously disadvantaged group a headstart
in areas such as education and employment.
‘Positive discrimination’ now required by law
for all federal government agencies.
- WW2 helped move to desegregation with moves to outlaw racial discrimination in
defence industries and armed forces. Court overturned ‘separate but equal’
decision as separate is not equal, making this true for not only schools but buses,
parks etc…
- 1954 supreme court decision in Brown V. Topeka
Board of Education led to passage of civil rights
legislation from 1964. Equality of opportunity =
giving people rights. Equality of results =
implementation.
- 19th Century: use constitution to guarantee rights and
representation for racial minorities. 13th, 14th and
15th amendments passed immediately after the civil
war. However, segregation remained rife, especially in
the deep south. Also saw rise in residential
segregation, blacks moved to inner cities to find work
whilst suburbs were still largely white.
- Civil Rights Campaigners
- In May 1961, the congress of racial equality (CORE) sent ‘freedom
riders’ of both races to challenge segregated seating arrangements
on transport. 70,000 people participated and 3,600 arrested.
- Martin Luther King speech delivered 28th August 1963
- Civil rights legislation in Congress passed only after
a southerner- Lyndon Johnson pushed it through
appealing for passage as a tribute to the
assassinated J.F.Kennedy.
- Those wanting change peacefully and through
politics: Shirley Chrisholm, Jessie Jacksjon,
Kweisi Mfune and Barak Obama
- Those wanting violent and radical change:
Malcolm X and Louis Farrakhan
- In May 1961, the congress of racial equality (CORE) sent ‘freedom
riders’ of both races to challenge segregated seating arrangements
on transport. 70,000 people participated and 3,600 arrested.
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